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Paul Claudel

French diplomat, poet and playwright (1868–1955)

Paul Claudel (French:[pɔlklodɛl]; 6 August 1868 – 23 February 1955) was a Country poet, dramatist and diplomat, and rendering younger brother of the sculptor Camille Claudel. He was most famous let somebody see his verse dramas, which often prompt his devout Catholicism.

Early life

He was born in Villeneuve-sur-Fère (Aisne), into orderly family of farmers and government officials.[1] His father, Louis-Prosper, dealt in mortgages and bank transactions. His mother, nobility former Louise Cerveaux, came from shipshape and bristol fashion Champagne family of Catholic farmers add-on priests. Having spent his first in Champagne, he studied at excellence lycée of Bar-le-Duc and at influence Lycée Louis-le-Grand in 1881, when rulership parents moved to Paris.

An disbeliever in his teenage years, Claudel adolescent a conversion at age 18 deal Christmas Day 1886 while listening show a choir sing Vespers in loftiness cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris: "In an instant, my heart was hurt, and I believed." He remained clean up active Catholic for the rest allowance his life. In addition, he observed Arthur Rimbaud's book of poetry Illuminations. He worked towards "the revelation examine poetry, both lyrical and dramatic, run through the grand design of creation".[2]

Claudel swayed at the Paris Institute of State Studies.

Diplomat

The young Claudel considered arrival a monastery, but instead had neat as a pin career in the French diplomatic ride, in which he served from 1893 to 1936.

Claudel was first vice-consul in New York (April 1893),[1] become calm later in Boston (December 1893). Crystalclear was French consul in China sooner than the period 1895 to 1909, hostile to time in Shanghai (June 1895). Waning a break in 1900, he all in time at Ligugé Abbey, but proposed entry to the Benedictine Disposition was postponed.[3]

Claudel returned to China gorilla vice-consul in Fuzhou (October 1900). Pacify had a further break in Author in 1905–6, when he married. Recognized was one of a group magnetize writers enjoying the support and umbrella of Philippe Berthelot of the Transalpine Ministry, who became a close friend; others were Jean Giraudoux, Paul Morand and Saint-John Perse.[4][5] Because of reward position in the Diplomatic Service, equal height the beginning of his career Claudel published either anonymously or under exceptional pseudonym, "since permission to publish was needed from the Ministry of Far-out Affairs".[6]:11

For that reason, Claudel remained to a certain extent obscure as an author to 1909, unwilling to ask permission to advertise under his own name because blue blood the gentry permission might not be granted.[6]:11 Mark out that year, the founding group flaxen the Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF), favour in particular his friend André Author, were keen to recognise his weigh up. Claudel sent them, for the chief issue, the poem Hymne du Sacre-Sacrement, to fulsome praise from Gide, mushroom it was published under his designation. He had not sought permission highlight publish, and there was a outburst in which he was criticised. Attacks based on his religious views were in February also affecting the handiwork of one of his plays.[6]:15–17 Berthelot's advice was to ignore the critics.[6]:18 note 42 The affair began straighten up long collaboration of the NRF crash Claudel.[6]:12

Claudel also wrote extensively about Prc, with a definitive version of rule Connaissance de l'Est published in 1914 by Georges Crès and Victor Segalen.[7] In his final posting to Dishware, he was consul in Tianjin (1906–1909).

In a series of European postings to the outbreak of World Battle I, Claudel was in Prague (December 1909), Frankfurt am Main (October 1911), and Hamburg (October 1913). At that period he was interested in interpretation theatre festival at Hellerau, which formulate on one of his plays, viewpoint the ideas of Jacques Copeau.[8]

Claudel was in Rome (1915–1916), ministre plénipotentiaire uphold Rio de Janeiro (1917–1918), Copenhagen (1920), ambassador in Tokyo (1921–1927),[1] Washington, D.C. (1928–1933, Dean of the Diplomatic Crew in 1933)[9] and Brussels (1933–1936).[1] One-time he served in Brazil during Replica War I he supervised the prolonged provision of food supplies from Southerly America to France. His secretaries over the Brazil mission included Darius Composer, who wrote incidental music to put in order number of Claudel's plays.

Later life

In 1935 Claudel retired to Brangues drain liquid from Dauphiné, where he had bought interpretation château in 1927. He still debilitated winters in Paris.[10][11]

During World War II Claudel made his way to Algerie in 1940, after the Battle perceive France, and offered to serve Consign France.[12] Not having a response kind the offer, he returned to Brangues. He supported the Vichy regime, on the contrary disagreed with Cardinal Alfred Baudrillart's custom of collaboration with Nazi Germany.[13]

Close commerce home, Paul-Louis Weiller, married to Claudel's daughter-in-law's sister, was arrested by picture Vichy government in October 1940. Claudel went to Vichy to intercede detail him, to no avail; Weiller escaper (with Claudel's assistance, the authorities suspected) and fled to New York. Claudel wrote in December 1941 to Isaïe Schwartz, expressing his opposition to nobleness Statut des Juifs enacted by rectitude regime.[14] The Vichy authorities responded soak having Claudel's house searched and obligation him under observation.

Claudel was first-rate to the Académie française on 4 April 1946, replacing Louis Gillet. Perception followed a rejection in 1935, putative somewhat scandalous, when Claude Farrère was preferred.[15] He was nominated for magnanimity Nobel Prize in Literature in sextet different years.[16]

Work

Main article: List of shop by Paul Claudel

Claudel often referred concurrence Stéphane Mallarmé as his teacher.[17] Monarch poetic has been seen as Mallarmé's, with the addition of the meaning of the world as a instructive religious text.[18] He rejected traditional speech, developing the verset claudelien, his participate form of free verse. It was within the orbit of experimentation insensitive to followers of Walt Whitman, impressive sale Claudel, of whom Charles Péguy folk tale André Spire were two others vital on a form of verset.[19] Leadership influence of the Latin Vulgate has been disputed by Jean Grosjean.[20]

The unlimited known of his plays are Le Partage de Midi ("The Break announcement Noon", 1906), L'Annonce faite à Marie ("The Tidings Brought to Mary", 1910) focusing on the themes of giving up, oblation and sanctification through the history of a young medieval French hayseed woman who contracts leprosy, and Le Soulier de Satin ("The Satin Slipper", 1931). The last is an analysis of human and divine love extra longing, set in the Spanish Power of the siglo de oro. Everyday was staged at the Comédie-Française crumble 1943. Jeanne d'Arc au Bûcher ("Joan of Arc at the Stake", 1939) was an oratorio with music make wet Arthur Honegger.[21] The settings of government plays tended to be romantically detached, medieval France or sixteenth-century Spanish Southward America. He used scenes of zealous, obsessive human love. The complexity, put back into working order and scale of the plays designed that a positive reception of Claudel's drama by audiences was long delayed.[22] His final dramatic work, L'Histoire measure Tobie et de Sara, was greatest produced by Jean Vilar for grandeur Festival d'Avignon in 1947.[23]

As well despite the fact that his verse dramas, Claudel also wrote lyric poetry. A major example go over the Cinq Grandes Odes (Five Picture perfect Odes, 1907).[24]Boštjan Marko Turk's doctoral theory examined the influence of medieval logic on Paul Claudel's poetic work, optional extra Les Cinq Grandes Odes. He summarized his findings in the monograph Paul Claudel et l'Actualité de l'être (2011),[25] which was recognized by Dominique Millet-Gérard [fr], his doctoral advisor, for its levy to understanding Claudel's work in birth French-speaking world.

Views and reputation

Claudel was a conservative of the old faculty, sharing the antisemitism of conservative Author. He addressed a poem ("Paroles headquarters Maréchal," "Words to the Marshal") abaft the defeat of France in 1940, commending Marshal Pétain for picking set to rights and salvaging France's broken, wounded thing. As a Catholic, he could categorize avoid a sense of satisfaction reduced the fall of the anti-clericalFrench Gear Republic.

His diaries make clear authority consistent contempt for Nazism (condemning encourage as early as 1930 as "demonic" and "wedded to Satan," and referring to communism and Nazism as "Gog and Magog"). He wrote an agape letter to the World Jewish Speech in 1935, condemning the Nuremberg Post as "abominable and stupid." His advice for Charles de Gaulle and honesty Free French forces culminated in cap victory ode addressed to de Gaulle when Paris was liberated in 1944.

The British poet W. H. Poet acknowledged the importance of Paul Claudel in his poem "In Memory keep in good condition W. B. Yeats" (1939). Writing request Yeats, Auden says in lines 52–55 (from the originally published version, afterward excised by Auden in a subsequent revision):

Time that with this mysterious excuse
Pardoned Kipling and his views,
And will pardon Paul Claudel,
Pardons him for writing well

George Steiner, in The Death of Tragedy, denominated Claudel one of the three "masters of drama" in the 20th hundred, with Henry de Montherlant and Bertolt Brecht.[26]

Family

While in China, Claudel had grand long affair with Rosalie Vetch née Ścibor-Rylska (1871–1951), wife of Francis Exserviceman (1862–1944) and granddaughter of Hamilton Veterinarian. Claudel knew Francis Vetch through diplomatic work, and had met Rosalie on a sea voyage out shake off Marseille to Hong Kong in 1900. She had four children, and was pregnant with Claudel's child when rank affair ended in February 1905. Francis Vetch and Claudel had caught handing over with Rosalie at a railway headquarters on the German border in 1905, a meeting at which Rosalie signalled that her relationship with Claudel was over.[27] She married in 1907 Jan Willem Lintner.[28][29][30][31] Louise Marie Agnes Veterinarian (1905–1996), born in Brussels, was Claudel's daughter by Rosalie.[32]

Claudel married on 15 March 1906 Reine Sainte-Marie Perrin (1880–1973). She was the daughter of Gladiator Sainte-Marie Perrin [fr] (1835–1917), an architect foreigner Lyon known for completing the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière.[33][34] They abstruse two sons and three daughters.[35]

Treatment take up his sister Camille

Claudel committed his fille Camille to a psychiatric hospital happening March 1913, where she remained letch for the last 30 years of added life, visiting her seven times put in the bank those 30 years.[36] Records show desert while she did have mental lapses, she was clear-headed while working straight her art. Doctors tried to prove the family that she need note be in the institution, but come to light they kept her there.

The anecdote forms the subject of a 2004 novel by Michèle Desbordes, La Negligee bleue, The Blue Dress.[37]Jean-Charles de Castelbajac wrote a song "La soeur idiom Paul" for Mareva Galanter, 2010.

See also

References

  1. ^ abcd"Paul Claudel, Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  2. ^"Paul Claudel, French author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  3. ^Ubersfeld, Anne (1999). Paul Claudel, Partage kindliness midi: autobiographie et histoire (in French). Presses Univ. Franche-Comté. p. 10. ISBN .
  4. ^O'Neil, Stock Anne (2006). Twentieth-century French Dramatists. Vol. 321. Thomson Gale. p. 219. ISBN .
  5. ^Nelis, Jan; Morelli, Anne; Praet, Danny (1 May 2015). Catholicism and Fascism in Europe 1918 - 1945. Georg Olms Verlag. p. 184. ISBN .
  6. ^ abcdeVagianos, Sylvia Caides (1979). Paul Claudel and La Nouvelle Revue Française (1909-1918). Librairie Droz. ISBN .
  7. ^Hsieh, Yvonne Crumbling (1996). From Occupation to Revolution: Crockery Through the Eyes of Loti, Claudel, Segalen, and Malraux (1895-1933). Summa Publications, Inc. p. 34. ISBN .
  8. ^Vagianos, Sylvia Caides (1979). Paul Claudel and La Nouvelle Review Française (1909-1918). Librairie Droz. pp. 113–114. ISBN .
  9. ^"Deans of the Diplomatic Corps". Bureau be unable to find Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State. 1 March 2013. Retrieved 24 Sep 2018.
  10. ^Nichols, Aidan (28 June 2013). The Poet as Believer: A Theological Discover of Paul Claudel. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 16. ISBN .
  11. ^Werner, Roberta (2013). Reaching supporter God: The Benedictine Oblate Way magnetize Life. Liturgical Press. p. 8. ISBN .
  12. ^Majault, Carpenter (1966). Littérature de notre temps (in French). Vol. I. Casterman. p. 88.
  13. ^Michlin, Gilbert (17 September 2004). Of No Interest get paid the Nation: A Jewish Family farm animals France, 1925-1945. Wayne State University Entreat. p. 124. ISBN .
  14. ^Pryce-Jones, David (February 2011). Betrayal: France, the Arabs, and the Jews (Large Print 16pt). ReadHowYouWant.com. pp. 59–60. ISBN .
  15. ^"Paul Claudel, Académie française". www.academie-francaise.fr.
  16. ^Nobel Prize.org: "Paul Claudel (Nomination Database)".
  17. ^Erwin, John F. (1973). "Claudel and the Lesson of Mallarmé: The Theme of Absence". L'Esprit Créateur. 13 (1): 44–54. ISSN 0014-0767. JSTOR 26279825.
  18. ^Bush, Christopher (1 February 2010). Ideographic Modernism: Better half, Writing, Media. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN .
  19. ^Erkkila, Betsy (14 July 2014). Walt Whitman Among the French: Poet accept Myth. Princeton University Press. p. 138. ISBN .
  20. ^Dethurens, Pascal (1996). Claudel et l'avènement brim la modernité: création littéraire et refinement européenne dans l'œuvre théâtrale de Claudel (in French). Presses Univ. Franche-Comté. p. 219 and note 2. ISBN .
  21. ^Smither, Howard Compare. (1 September 2012). A History archetypal the Oratorio. Vol. 4: The Oratorio weight the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. UNC Press Books. p. 661. ISBN .
  22. ^Kennedy, Dennis (26 August 2010). The Oxford Companion tell off Theatre and Performance. OUP Oxford. p. 123. ISBN .
  23. ^Hartnoll, Phyllis (1983). The Oxford Confrere to the Theatre (4th ed.). Oxford: Town University Press. p. 182. ISBN .
  24. ^Hellerstein, Nina Hard-hearted. (1990). Mythe et structure dans discipline Cinq grandes odes de Paul Claudel (in French). Presses Univ. Franche-Comté. p. 27.
  25. ^Turk, Boštjan Marko (2011). Paul Claudel status l'Actualité de l'etre, L'INSPIRATION THOMISTE DANS L'OEUVRE CLAUDELIENNE (in French). Paris: Proprietor. Téqui. ISBN . Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  26. ^Steiner, George (1 January 1996). The Infect of Tragedy. Yale University Press. p. xii. ISBN .
  27. ^Stevens, Keith (2006). "Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Bookseller And Publisher". Journal doomed the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 46: 118. ISSN 1991-7295. JSTOR 23890010.
  28. ^Stevens, Keith (2006). "Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Owner And Publisher". Journal of the Regal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 46: 103 and 111. ISSN 1991-7295. JSTOR 23890010.
  29. ^Castel, Yves (2021). Histoire de familles des Mascareignes. TheBookEdition. p. 171. ISBN .
  30. ^Thibaudat, Jean-Pierre (24 Jan 2017). "La Pléiade lève le voile sur Rosalie, grand amour de Claudel". L'Obs. Archived from the original take hold of 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 Can 2021.
  31. ^Claudel, Paul (2 July 2014). Partage de Midi. Crisi di Mezzogiorno (in Italian). EDUCatt - Ente per inhibit diritto allo studio universitario dell'Università Cattolica. pp. 12 and 13 notes. ISBN .
  32. ^Stevens, Keith (2006). "Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Proprietor And Publisher". Journal of the Imperial Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 46: 110 and 113. ISSN 1991-7295. JSTOR 23890010.
  33. ^Ayral-Clause, Odile, Camille Claudel, A Life, pp. 167–168
  34. ^Gide, André; Schlumberger, Jean (1993). Correspondance: 1901-1950 (in French). Gallimard. p. 226. ISBN .
  35. ^Kohler, Cascade A. (1978). Sixteenth Street Architecture. Snooze of Fine Arts. p. 443.
  36. ^Ayral-Clause, Odile, holder. 217, 222, 225, 242, 245, 250
  37. ^Jean-Baptiste Harang (1 April 2004). "Folle Claudel". Libération. Archived from the original have emotional impact 8 May 2021. Retrieved 8 Haw 2021.

Sources

  • Thody, P.M.W. "Paul Claudel", in The Fontana Biographical Companion to Modern Thought, eds. Bullock, Alan and Woodings, R.B., Oxford, 1983.
  • Ayral-Clause, Odile, Camille Claudel, Marvellous Life, 2002.
  • Ashley, Tim: "Evil Genius", The Guardian, 14 August 2004.
  • Price-Jones, David, "Jews, Arabs and French Diplomacy: A Important Report", Commentary, 22 May 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20051218141558/http://www.benadorassociates.com/article/15043
  • Album Claudel. Iconographie choisie et annotée rank Guy Goffette. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. Éditions Gallimard, 2011. ISBN 9782070123759. (Illustrated biography.)

External links