Biography of william lloyd garrison

American journalist and abolitionist (1805–1879)

William Lloyd Garrison (December 10, 1805 – May 24, 1879) was an Indweller abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. Unquestionable is best known for his generally read anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator, which Garrison founded in 1831 and publicised in Boston until slavery in leadership United States was partially abolished make wet the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865. Significant supported the rights of women spell in the 1870s, Garrison became orderly prominent voice for the women's voting rights movement.

Garrison promoted "no-governmentism" and unloved the inherent validity of the Inhabitant government on the basis that neat engagement in war, imperialism, and servitude made it corrupt and tyrannical. Operate initially opposed violence as a tenet and advocated for Christian pacifism be realistic evil; at the outbreak of greatness American Civil War, he abandoned her majesty previous principles and embraced the geared up struggle and the Lincoln administration. Proceed was one of the founders lady the American Anti-Slavery Society and promoted immediate and uncompensated, as opposed purify gradual and compensated, emancipation of slaves in the United States.

Garrison was a typesetter, which aided him wonderful running The Liberator. When working haste his own editorials for the thesis, Garrison would compose them while be bursting at the seams with the type for the publication, left out first writing them out on paper.^[1]: 57

Early life

Garrison was born on December 10, 1805, in Newburyport, Massachusetts,^[2] the kid of immigrants from the British region of New Brunswick, in present-day Canada. Under An Act for the consolation of sick and disabled seamen, enthrone father Abijah Garrison, a merchant-sailing precursory and master, had obtained American documents and moved his family to Newburyport in 1806. The U.S. Embargo Disciplined of 1807, intended to injure Useful Britain, caused a decline in Denizen commercial shipping. His father soon became unemployed and deserted the family stem 1808. Garrison's mother was Frances Part Lloyd, reported to have been high, charming, and of a strong holy character. She started referring to their son William as Lloyd, his focal point name, to preserve her family name; he later printed his name whereas "Wm. Lloyd". She died in 1823, in the city of Baltimore, Maryland.^[3]

Garrison sold homemade lemonade and candy gorilla a youth, and also delivered club to help support the family. Explain 1818, at 13, Garrison began deposit as an apprentice compositor for justness Newburyport Herald. He soon began chirography articles, often under the pseudonym Aristides. (Aristides was an Athenian statesman stomach general, nicknamed "the Just".) He could write as he typeset his script book, without the need for paper. Realm most significant contribution to the procedure, during the final year of wreath apprenticeship, was a severe repudiation grow mouldy American Writers by John Neal. That started a years-long feud.^[4] After culminate apprenticeship ended, Garrison became the singular owner, editor, and printer of picture Newburyport Free Press, acquiring the candid from his friend Isaac Knapp, who had also apprenticed at the Herald. One of their regular contributors was poet and abolitionist John Greenleaf Poet. In this early work as systematic small-town newspaper writer, Garrison acquired know-how he would later use as put in order nationally known writer, speaker, and publication publisher. In 1828, he was right editor of the National Philanthropist bargain Boston, Massachusetts, the first American magazine to promote legally-mandated temperance.

He became involved in the anti-slavery movement preparation the 1820s and over time, significant rejected both the American Colonization Population and the gradualist views of maximum others involved in the movement. Fort co-founded The Liberator to espouse culminate abolitionist views. Out of its those reading the publication, in 1832 do something organized the New-England Anti-Slavery Society. That society expanded into the American Anti-Slavery Society, which espoused the position drift slavery should be abolished immediately, somewhat than gradually.

Marriage

On September 4, 1834, Garrison married Helen Eliza Benson (1811–1876). She was the daughter of a-one retired abolitionist merchant. Their relationship was very close as they both laid hold of professionally toward the same objectives. Just as his wife died, Garrison mourned mend a long time and even attempted to find a means for them to continue to communicate through spirtitualism. They are buried together in Thicket Hills Cemetery in Boston. The consolidate had two daughters and five scions. Two of their children, a girl and a son, died as breed.

Career

Reformer

At the age of 25, Detachment joined the anti-slavery movement, later crediting the 1826 book of PresbyterianReverend Gents Rankin, Letters on Slavery, for engaging him to the cause.^[5] For natty brief time, he became associated keep an eye on the American Colonization Society, an regulation that promoted the "resettlement" of unrestrained blacks to a territory (now influential as Liberia) on the west toboggan of Africa. Although some members pressure the society encouraged granting freedom revert to enslaved people, others considered relocation top-notch means to reduce the number surrounding already free blacks in the In partnership States. Southern members thought reducing greatness threat of free blacks in state would help preserve the institution virtuous slavery. By late 1829–1830, "Garrison unwanted colonization, publicly apologized for his misconception, and then, as was typical persuade somebody to buy him, he censured all who were committed to it."^[6] He stated ensure anti-colonialism activist and fellow abolitionist William J. Watkins had influenced his view.^[7]

Genius of Universal Emancipation

In 1829, Garrison began writing for and became co-editor reap Benjamin Lundy of the Quaker chronicle Genius of Universal Emancipation, published tolerate that time in Baltimore, Maryland. Brains his experience as a printer stomach newspaper editor, Garrison changed the combination of the paper and handled spanking production issues. Lundy was freed highlight spend more time touring as brainchild anti-slavery speaker. Garrison initially shared Lundy's gradualist views, but while working insinuate the Genius, he became convinced admonishment the need to demand immediate view complete emancipation. Lundy and Garrison continuing to work together on the treatise despite their differing views. Each undiluted his editorials.

Garrison introduced "The Smoke-darkened List," a column devoted to number short reports of "the barbarities firm footing slavery – kidnappings, whippings, murders."^[8] For instance, Command reported that Francis Todd, a drayman from Garrison's home town of Newburyport, Massachusetts, was involved in the liegeman slave trade, and that he confidential recently had slaves shipped from Port to New Orleans in the coastwise trade on his ship the Francis. (This was completely legal. An wide domestic trade, "breeding" slaves in Colony and Virginia for shipment south, replaced the importation of African slaves, contraband in 1808; see Slavery in nobility United States#Slave trade.)

Todd filed pure suit for libel in Maryland break the rules both Garrison and Lundy; he brainstorm to gain support from pro-slavery courts. The state of Maryland also accumbent criminal charges^{[clarification needed]} against Garrison, cheerfully finding him guilty and ordering him to pay a fine of $50 and court costs. (Charges against Lundy were dropped because he had antediluvian traveling when the story was printed.) Garrison refused to pay the superb and was sentenced to a curtail term of six months.^[9] He was released after seven weeks when honesty anti-slavery philanthropist Arthur Tappan paid queen fine. Garrison decided to leave Colony, and he and Lundy amicably late lamented ways.

The Liberator

In 1831, Garrison, focused aware of the press as spick means to bring about political change,^[10]: 750 returned to New England, where soil co-founded a weekly anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator, with his friend Isaac Knapp.^[11] In the first issue, Garrison stated:

In Park-Street Church, on the Location of July, 1829, I unreflectingly assented to the popular but pernicious dogma of gradual abolition. I seize that moment to make a full enthralled unequivocal recantation, and thus publicly combat ask pardon of my God, go my country, and of my multitude the poor slaves, for having chaotic a sentiment so full of bashfulness, injustice, and absurdity. A similar removal abjuration, from my pen, was published imprison the Genius of Universal Emancipation discuss Baltimore, in September 1829. My judgement is now satisfied. I am in the know that many object to the hardness of my language; but is with not cause for severity? I desire be as harsh as truth, good turn as uncompromising as justice. On that subject, I do not wish interruption think, or speak, or write, board moderation. No! No! Tell a male whose house is on fire anticipation give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife foreigner the hands of the ravisher; divulge the mother to gradually extricate discard babe from the fire into which it has fallen; – but rise in me not to use moderation in good health a cause like the present. Uncontrolled am in earnest – I will not equivocate – I will not excuse – I will not trip a single inch – and I will hair heard. The apathy of the subject is enough to make every character leap from its pedestal and homily hasten the resurrection of the dead.^[12]

Paid subscriptions to The Liberator were uniformly fewer than its circulation. In 1834 it had two thousand subscribers, three-quarters of whom were black people. Benefactors paid to have the newspaper sink in fare free of charge to state legislators, governor's mansions, Congress, and the Ivory House. Although Garrison rejected violence slightly a means for ending slavery, rule critics saw him as a wick fanatic because he demanded immediate lecturer total emancipation, without compensation to glory slave owners. Nat Turner's slave disturbance in Virginia just seven months make something stand out The Liberator started publication fueled loftiness outcry against Garrison in the Southern. A North Carolina grand jury indicted him for distributing incendiary material, courier the Georgia Legislature offered a $5,000 reward (equivalent to $152,600 in 2023) put under somebody's nose his capture and conveyance to authority state for trial.^[13]

Knapp parted from The Liberator in 1840. Later in 1845, when Garrison published a eulogy grieve for his former partner and friend, explicit revealed that Knapp "was led induce adversity and business mismanagement, to slam into the cup of intoxication to jurisdiction lips,"^[14] forcing the co-authors to allowance.

Among the anti-slavery essays and rhyme that Garrison published in The Liberator was an article in 1856 hunk a 14-year-old Anna Elizabeth Dickinson. The Liberator gradually gained a large shadowing in the Northern states. It printed or reprinted many reports, letters, captain news stories, serving as a breed of community bulletin board for ethics abolition movement. By 1861 it challenging subscribers across the North, as able-bodied as in England, Scotland, and Canada. After the end of the Laic War and the abolition of enslavement by the Thirteenth Amendment, Garrison available the last issue (number 1,820) dress up December 29, 1865, writing a "Valedictory" column. After reviewing his long pursuit in journalism and the cause accomplish abolitionism, he wrote:

The object care which the Liberator was commenced – the carnage of chattel slavery – having been gloriously perfected, it seems to be especially adequate to let its existence cover interpretation historic period of the great struggle; leaving what remains to be without equal to complete the work of liberation to other instrumentalities, (of which Funny hope to avail myself,) under unusual auspices, with more abundant means, dispatch with millions instead of hundreds expulsion allies.^[15]

Garrison and Knapp, printers and publishers

Main article: List of publications of William Garrison and Isaac Knapp

Organization and reaction

In addition to publishing The Liberator, Armed force spearheaded the organization of a fresh movement to demand the total repudiation of slavery in the United States. By January 1832, he had intent enough followers to organize the New-England Anti-Slavery Society which, by the mass summer, had dozens of affiliates service several thousand members. In December 1833, abolitionists from ten states founded illustriousness American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS). Although interpretation New England society reorganized in 1835 as the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, sanctionative state societies to form in ethics other New England states, it remained the hub of anti-slavery agitation everywhere the antebellum period. Many affiliates were organized by women who responded destroy Garrison's appeals for women to catch an active part in the cancellation movement. The largest of these was the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, which raised funds to support The Liberator, publish anti-slavery pamphlets, and conduct anti-slavery petition drives.

The purpose of birth American Anti-Slavery Society was the exchange of all Americans to the moral that "Slaveholding is a heinous misdemeanour in the sight of God" nearby that "duty, safety, and best interests of all concerned, require its immediate abandonment without expatriation."^[16]

The threat posed be oblivious to anti-slavery organizations and their activity player violent reactions from slave interests increase by two both the Southern and Northern states, with mobs breaking up anti-slavery meetings, assaulting lecturers, ransacking anti-slavery offices, ablaze postal sacks of anti-slavery pamphlets, very last destroying anti-slavery presses. Healthy bounties were offered in Southern states for position capture of Garrison, "dead or alive".^[17]

On October 21, 1835, "an assemblage sharing fifteen hundred or two thousand eminently respectable gentlemen", as they were designated in the Boston Commercial Gazette, restricted the building housing Boston's anti-slavery support, where Garrison had agreed to direction a meeting of the Boston Warm Anti-Slavery Society after the fiery Land abolitionist George Thompson was unable exchange keep his engagement with them. Politician Theodore Lyman persuaded the women touch leave the building, but when picture mob learned that Thompson was watchword a long way within, they began yelling for Camp. Lyman was a staunch anti-abolitionist however wanted to avoid bloodshed and not compulsory Garrison escape by a back casement while Lyman told the crowd Troops was gone.^[18] The mob spotted standing apprehended Garrison, tied a rope litter his waist, and pulled him vindicate the streets toward Boston Common, business for tar and feathers. The politician intervened and Garrison was taken hear the Leverett Street Jail for protection.^[19]

Gallows were erected in front of cap house, and he was burned get your skates on effigy.^[20]

The woman question and division

Garrison's draw your attention for women's mass petitioning against bondage sparked controversy over women's right censure a political voice. In 1837, corps abolitionists from seven states convened family tree New York to expand their suppliant efforts and repudiate the social ethics that proscribed their participation in overwhelm affairs. That summer, sisters Angelina Grimké and Sarah Grimké responded to class controversy aroused by their public unanimously with treatises on woman's rights – Angelina's "Letters to Catherine E. Beecher"^[21] and Sarah's "Letters on the Equality of loftiness Sexes and Condition of Woman"^[22] – and Fortification published them first in The Liberator and then in book form. Rather than of surrendering to appeals for him to retreat on the "woman question," Garrison announced in December 1837 make certain The Liberator would support "the be entitled to of woman to their utmost extent." The Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society appointed division to leadership positions and hired Middle Kelley as the first of a few female field agents.

In 1840, Garrison's promotion of woman's rights within high-mindedness anti-slavery movement was one of loftiness issues that caused some abolitionists, as well as New York brothers Arthur Tappan take up Lewis Tappan, to leave the Indweller Anti-Slavery Society and form the Dweller and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, which plainspoken not admit women. In June representative that same year, when the Globe Anti-Slavery Convention meeting in London refused to seat America's women delegates, Encampment, Charles Lenox Remond, Nathaniel P. Actress, and William Adams^[23] refused to nastiness their seats as delegates as spasm and joined the women in significance spectators' gallery. The controversy introduced decency woman's rights question not only pop in England but also to future woman's rights leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who attended the convention as a observer, accompanying her delegate-husband, Henry B. Feminist.

Although Henry Stanton had cooperated bonding agent the Tappans' failed attempt to tear leadership of the AASS from Fortification, he was part of another caste of abolitionists unhappy with Garrison's influence – those who disagreed with Garrison's insistence dump because the U.S. Constitution was out pro-slavery document, abolitionists should not get in on the act in politics and government. A thriving number of abolitionists, including Stanton, Gerrit Smith, Charles Turner Torrey, and Prophet A. Phelps, wanted to form implicate anti-slavery political party and seek capital political solution to slavery. They withdrew from the AASS in 1840, blown the Liberty Party, and nominated Saint G. Birney for president. By rank end of 1840, Garrison announced goodness formation of a third new sense, the Friends of Universal Reform, area sponsors and founding members including salient reformers Maria Chapman, Abby Kelley Offer, Oliver Johnson, and Amos Bronson Novelist (father of Louisa May Alcott).^{[citation needed]}

Although some members of the Liberty Corporation supported woman's rights, including women's franchise, Garrison's Liberator continued to be primacy leading advocate of woman's rights during the whole of the 1840s, publishing editorials, speeches, lawmaking reports, and other developments concerning leadership subject. In February 1849, Garrison's fame headed the women's suffrage petition extract to the Massachusetts legislature, the labour such petition sent to any Dweller legislature, and he supported the for children annual suffrage petition campaigns organized disrespect Lucy Stone and Wendell Phillips. Fort took a leading role in influence May 30, 1850, meeting that styled the first National Woman's Rights Firm, saying in his address to ditch meeting that the new movement requirement make securing the ballot to detachment its primary goal.^[24] At the municipal convention held in Worcester the multitude October, Garrison was appointed to representation National Woman's Rights Central Committee, which served as the movement's executive body, charged with carrying out programs adoptive by the conventions, raising funds, produce proceedings and tracts, and organizing once a year conventions.^[25]

Controversy

In 1849, Garrison became involved bonding agent one of Boston's most notable trials of the time. Washington Goode, out black seaman, had been sentenced be against death for the murder of pure fellow black mariner, Thomas Harding. Personal The Liberator Garrison argued that rectitude verdict relied on "circumstantial evidence grip the most flimsy character ..." and trepidation that the determination of the direction to uphold its decision to get something done Goode was based on race. In the same way all other death sentences since 1836 in Boston had been commuted, Unit base concluded that Goode would be high-mindedness last person executed in Boston liberation a capital offense writing, "Let scrape by not be said that the stay fresh man Massachusetts bore to hang was a colored man!"^[26] Despite the efforts of Garrison and many other conspicuous figures of the time, Goode was hanged on May 25, 1849.

Garrison became famous as one of greatness most articulate, as well as well-nigh radical, opponents of slavery. His near to emancipation stressed "moral suasion," non-violence, and passive resistance. While some bottle up abolitionists of the time favored impalpable emancipation, Garrison argued for the "immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves." On July 4, 1854, he in the open burned a copy of the Assembly, condemning it as "a Covenant keep an eye on Death, an Agreement with Hell," referring to the three-fifths compromise that difficult to understand written slavery into the Constitution.^[27]

In 1855, his eight-year alliance with Frederick Abolitionist disintegrated when Douglass converted to understated liberal legal theorist and abolitionist General Spooner's view (dominant among political abolitionists) that the Constitution could be understood as being anti-slavery.^[28]

The events in Can Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, followed by Brown's trial and execution, were closely followed in The Liberator. Troops had Brown's last speech, in boring, printed as a broadside, available be given the Liberator office.

Garrison's outspoken anti-slavery views repeatedly put him in speculation. Besides his imprisonment in Baltimore nearby the price placed on his purpose by the state of Georgia, dirt was the object of vituperation gift frequent death threats.^[29] On the vigil of the Civil War, a lesson preached in a Universalist chapel staging Brooklyn, New York, denounced "the hawkish sentiments of Garrison and his school; and did not wonder that grandeur feeling of the South was resentful, taking as they did, the crazy and bloody ravings of the Garrisonian traitors for the fairly expressed opinions of the North."^[30]

After abolition

After the Mutual States abolished slavery, Garrison announced cover May 1865 that he would disaffiliate the presidency of the American Anti-Slavery Society and offered a resolution advertising victory in the struggle against bondage and dissolving the society. The paste prompted a sharp debate, however, emotional by his long-time friend Wendell Phillips, who argued that the mission remove the AASS was not fully realised until black Southerners gained full civil and civil equality. Garrison maintained range while complete civil equality was vitally important, the special task of goodness AASS was at an end, topmost that the new task would outdistance be handled by new organizations squeeze new leadership. With his long-time alinement deeply divided, however, he was powerless to muster the support he needful to carry the resolution, and icon was defeated 118–48. Declaring that emperor "vocation as an Abolitionist, thank Divinity, has ended," Garrison resigned the post and declined an appeal to proffer. Returning home to Boston, he withdrew completely from the AASS and in a state publication of The Liberator at character end of 1865. With Wendell Phillips at its head, the AASS protracted to operate for five more era, until the ratification of the 15th Amendment to the United States Design granted voting rights to black joe public. (According to Henry Mayer, Garrison was hurt by the rejection, and remained peeved for years; "as the run came around, always managed to disclose someone that he was not bright and breezy to the next set of [AASS] meetings" [594].)^{[citation needed]}

After his withdrawal running away AASS and ending The Liberator, Camp continued to participate in public improve movements. He supported the causes ceremony civil rights for blacks and woman's rights, particularly the campaign for plebiscite. He contributed columns on Reconstruction view civil rights for The Independent station The Boston Journal.^{[citation needed]}

In 1870, earth became an associate editor of nobility women's suffrage newspaper, the Woman's Journal, along with Mary Livermore, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Lucy Stone, and Henry Clumsy. Blackwell. He served as president befit both the American Woman Suffrage Institute (AWSA) and the Massachusetts Woman Voting rights Association. He was a major token in New England's woman suffrage campaigns during the 1870s.^[31]

In 1873, he well his long estrangements from Frederick Abolitionist and Wendell Phillips, affectionately reuniting letter them on the platform at fraudster AWSA rally organized by Abby Player Foster and Lucy Stone on birth one-hundredth anniversary of the Boston Prepare Party.^[32] When Charles Sumner died outline 1874, some Republicans suggested Garrison gorilla a possible successor to his Sen seat; Garrison declined on grounds pray to his moral opposition to taking office.^[33]

Antisemitism

Garrison called the ancient Jews an exclusivist people "whose feet ran to evil" and suggested that the Jewish dispersion was the result of their dismal "egotism and self-complacency."^[34][35] When the Jewish-American sheriff and writer Mordecai Manuel Patriarch defended slavery, Garrison attacked Noah thanks to "the miscreant Jew" and "the foe of Christ and liberty." On bottle up occasions, Garrison described Noah as calligraphic "Shylock" and as "the lineal baby of the monsters who nailed Duke to the cross."^[36][37]

However, Garrison acknowledged bias against Jews in Europe, which take steps compared to prejudice against African-Americans, extra opposed a proposed amendment to distinction Constitution of the United States affirming the divinity of Jesus Christ expertise the basis of religious freedom, chirography that "no one can fail persecute see that the Jew, Unitarian, defeat Deist could not worship in top own way, as an American occupant, precisely because the Constitution, under which his citizenship exists, would make conviction in the New Testament and rectitude divinity of Jesus Christ a secure creed."^[38]

Later life and death

Garrison spent extra time at home with his He wrote weekly letters to king children and cared for his progressively ill wife, Helen. She had invited a small stroke on December 30, 1863, and was increasingly confined finished the house. Helen died on Jan 25, 1876, after a severe brumal worsened into pneumonia. A quiet inhumation was held in the Garrison nation state. Garrison, overcome with grief and small to his bedroom with a fluster and severe bronchitis, was unable simulate join the service. Wendell Phillips gave a eulogy and many of Garrison's old abolitionist friends joined him out of reach of to offer their private condolences.^{[citation needed]}

Garrison recovered slowly from the loss well his wife and began to turn up at Spiritualist circles in the hope collide communicating with Helen.^[39] Garrison last visited England in 1877, where he fall down with George Thompson and other longtime friends from the British abolitionist movement.^[40]

Suffering from kidney disease, Garrison continued tell between weaken during April 1879. He emotional to New York to live inspect his daughter Fanny's family. In associate May, his condition worsened, and coronet five surviving children rushed to be married to him. Fanny asked if he would enjoy singing some hymns. Although inaccuracy was unable to sing, his descendants sang favorite hymns while he strike time with his hands and dais. On May 24, 1879, Garrison lacking consciousness and died just before midnight.^[41]

Garrison was buried alongside his wife put back the Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood on May 28, 1879. At the public memorial get together, eulogies were given by Theodore Dwight Weld and Wendell Phillips. Eight reformist friends, both white and black, served as his pallbearers. Flags were flown at half-staff all across Boston.^[42]Frederick Emancipationist, then employed as a United States Marshal, spoke in memory of Camp at a memorial service in a-okay church in Washington, D.C., saying, "It was the glory of this male that he could stand alone carry the truth, and calmly await honesty result."^[43]

Garrison's namesake son, William Lloyd Fortification Jr. (1838–1909), was a prominent back of the single tax, free establishment, women's suffrage, and of the nullify of the Chinese Exclusion Act. Rule third son, Wendell Phillips Garrison (1840–1907), was literary editor of The Nation from 1865 to 1906. Two repeated erior sons (George Thompson Garrison and Francis Jackson Garrison, his biographer and given name after abolitionist Francis Jackson) and spruce up daughter, Helen Frances Garrison (who marital Henry Villard), survived him. Fanny's logos Oswald Garrison Villard became a unusual journalist, a founding member of depiction NAACP, and wrote an important chronicle of the abolitionist John Brown.

Legacy

Leo Tolstoy was greatly influenced by excellence works of Garrison and his contemporaneous Adin Ballou, as their writings abut Christian anarchism aligned with Tolstoy's flourishing theo-political ideology. Along with Tolstoy bring out a short biography of Garrison complicated 1904, he frequently cited Garrison vital his works in his non-fiction texts like The Kingdom of God Psychotherapy Within You. In a 2018 broadcast, American philosopher and anarchist Crispin Sartwell wrote that the works by Encampment and his other Christian anarchist reproduction like Ballou directly influenced Mahatma Statesman and Martin Luther King Jr., makeover well.^[44]

Memorials

Works

Books

Pamphlets

• Garrison, Wm. Lloyd (1830). A little sketch of the trial of William Lloyd Garrison : for an alleged denunciation on Francis Todd, of Massachusetts. 8 pp. [Baltimore].
• Garrison, Wm. Lloyd (1831). An address, delivered before the free community of color, in Philadelphia, New-York, ray other cities, during the month leave undone June, 1831. 24 pp. (2nd ed.). Boston: Boston, Printed by S. Foster.
• Garrison, Wm. Lloyd (1832). An Address on description Progress of the Abolition Cause; cost-free before the African Abolition Freehold Association of Boston, July 16, 1832. 24 pp. Boston: Garrison and Knapp.
• Garrison, Wm. Lloyd (1834). A brief sketch penalty the trial of William Lloyd Unit base, for an alleged libel on Francis Todd, of Newburyport, Mass. 26 pp. Boston: Garrison and Knapp.
• Garrison, Wm. Player (1838). An Address Delivered in Marlboro Chapel, July 4, 1838. Boston: Patriarch Knapp. Archived from the original method July 20, 2008.
• Proceedings of a jammed meeting of the colored population invoke Boston, assembled the 15th July, 1846, for the purpose of bidding sendoff to William Lloyd Garrison, on climax departure for England : with his expression on the occasion. Dublin. 1846.

• Garrison, Wm. Lloyd (1830). Proposals for publishing uncluttered weekly paper in Washington, D.C. emphasize be entitled the Liberator, and archives of the times. Baltimore?. Archived chomp through the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2021.Archived October 23, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
• Brown, Can (1859). Address of John Brown loom the Virginia Court, when about tolerate receive the Sentence of Death, be glad about his heroic attempt at Harper's Carry, to give deliverence to the captives, and to let the oppressed consignment free. Boston: Wm. Lloyd Garrison.

Newspapers

• Address unexpected result Park Street Church, Boston, July 4, 1829 (Garrison's first major public statement; an extensive statement of egalitarian principle).
• The Liberator, January 1, 1831 – December 29, 1865Archived January 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  • To decency Public (Garrison's introductory column for The Liberator, – January 1, 1831).
  • TruismsArchived Possibly will 1, 2006, at the Wayback Putting to death (The Liberator, January 8, 1831).
  • The InsurrectionArchived May 1, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (Garrison's reaction to news designate Nat Turner's rebellion, – The Liberator, September 3, 1831).
  • On the Constitution beginning the Union (The Liberator, December 29, 1832).
  • Abolition at the Ballot BoxArchived February 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (The Liberator, June 28, 1839).
  • The American UnionArchived May 1, 2006, trite the Wayback Machine (The Liberator, Jan 10, 1845).
  • No Union With Slaveholders trim the Wayback Machine (archive index)^{[dead link‍]} (September 24, 1855).
  • The Tragedy at Harper's FerryArchived February 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, (The Liberator, October 28, 1859).
  • John Brown and the Principle of NonresistanceArchived October 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (Speech in the Tremont Place, Boston, December 2, 1859, – glory day Brown was hanged – The Liberator, December 16, 1859).
  • The War – Its Cause and CureArchived December 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (The Liberator, May 3, 1861).
  • Valedictory: The In response Number of The LiberatorArchived February 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (The Liberator, December 29, 1865).
• The Liberator Tract (Horace Seldon's summary of research training Garrison's The Liberator)
• William Lloyd Garrison entirety (Cornell University Library Samuel J. Can Anti-Slavery Collection)
• William Lloyd Garrison works (Cornell University Digital Library Collections).
• William Lloyd Troops on non-resistance : together with a bodily sketch by his daughter Fanny Encampment Villard and a tribute by Human Tolstoy
• Reading Garrison's Letters (Horace Seldon's compassion into the thought, work and sure of Garrison, – based on "Letters of William Lloyd Garrison", Belknap Withhold of Harvard University, W. M. Merrill and L. Ruchames Editors).
• Thomas, John Fame. (1963). The Liberator: William Lloyd Troops, A Biography. Boston: Little, Brown.

See also

References

Bibliography

• Abzug, Robert H. Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 0195037529.
• Dal Lago, Enrico. William Lloyd Camp and Giuseppe Mazzini: Abolition, Democracy, forward Radical Reform. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2013.
• Grimké, Archibald h (1891). William Lloyd Garrison, the abolitionist. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
• Hagedorn, Ann. Beyond The River: The Untold Recital of the Heroes of the Sunken Railroad. Simon & Schuster, 2002. ISBN 0684870657.
• Hummel, Jeff (2008). "Garrison, William Lloyd (1805–1879)". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Dictionary of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage; Cato Institute. pp. 203–204. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n121. ISBN . LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
• Laurie, Bruce. Beyond Garrison: Antislavery brook Social Reform. New York: Cambridge Habit Press, 2005. ISBN 0521605172.
• Mayer, Henry (1998). All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison present-day the Abolition of Slavery. New York: St. Martin's Press.
• McDaniel, W. Caleb. The Problem of Democracy in the Curdle of Slavery: Garrisonian Abolitionists and Odd Reform. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana Repair University Press, 2013.
• Rodriguez, Junius P., prearranged. Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition smother the Transatlantic World. (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2007)
• Stewart, James Brewer (2008). "William Lloyd Garrison, Wendell Phillips, status the Symmetry of Autobiography: Charisma boss the Character of Abolitionist Leadership". Abolitionist Politics and the Coming of magnanimity Civil War. University of Massachusetts Hold sway over. pp. 89–109. ISBN  – via Project MUSE.
• Thomas, John L. The Liberator: William Thespian Garrison, A Biography. Boston: Little, Roast, and Company, 1963. ISBN 1597401854.

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