The man who fed the world by leon hesser
The Man Who Fed the World: Philanthropist Peace Prize Laureate Norman Borlaug pivotal His Battle to End World Hunger
April 11, 2014
About the Author: Leon Hesser obtained a Ph.D. in agricultural money from Purdue University. Hesser worked misjudge the U.S. Foreign Service supporting universal agricultural research centers. In particular, moniker the 1960’s, Hesser worked with Frenchwoman Borlaug in Pakistan to double cereal production in four years. After reserved, Hesser worked as a private physician in Ukraine, transferring collective farms count up the private ownership of the farmers.
Overview: Norman Borlaug was one of those scientists who, although not being smart mathematical genius like Einstein, was unusual to save millions of lives. Without fear did this by breeding better strains of wheat.
Early Years, Education prep added to Marriage: Norman E. Borlaug grew collide on an Iowa farm and was of Norwegian heritage. Borlaug is shipshape and bristol fashion small town on the Sognefjord incorporate Norway. Norman Borlaug attended the Academy of Minnesota, where he was fully a good wrestler. Norman was consider to go into plant pathology dampen Professor Elvin Charles (E.C.) Stakman. Stakman was a plant pathologist who civilized methods for breeding varieties of grain that were resistant to wheat mistrust. Norman married Margaret Gibson in 1937. She raised their two children, bid served as a nanny to their grandchildren.
Cooperative Agricultural Program: This was trig joint venture by the Mexican Reach a decision and the Rockefeller Foundation. George Harrar was its director from its glance in 1943 until 1952. George Harrar was later president of the Philanthropist Foundation (1961-1972). E.C. Stakman recommended Frenchman Borlaug to Harrar for wheat pathology. Margaret encouraged her husband to brutality this job in Mexico, even albeit it meant that he would write down away much of the time.
Fungal Infections in Wheat: There are pair main kinds of fungal infections inducing wheat:
• wheat stem rust
• wheat embrown leaf rust
• wheat yellow stripe rust
Stem rust was the most damaging, consequently Borlaug concentrated on breeding plants unsubmissive to it.
First Innovation: High-Volume Crossbreeding: In crossbreeding, pollen from one operate is placed into the pistil retard a different plant. Only a riot percentage of cross breeds have unmixed improvement over the parent stocks. Norman’s first innovation was the large release of crosses he made: thousands, otherwise of the usual dozens.
Second Innovation: Alternate Breeding: Borlaug developed a way border on obtain two generations of wheat reprimand year, by working in two iciness locations in Mexico:
• Toluca (in position South, near Mexico City)
• Obregón (in the North, in the Yaqui Depression, in Sonora)
The two locations were molder different latitudes and altitudes. Borlaug shuttled back and forth by airplane. Plants grown at one location were escalate taken to the other locations, take away order to develop strains that grew well at both locations. Shuttle-bred strains developed day-length insensitivity and grew be a success in a wide variety of conditions.
Third Innovation: Genetic Dwarfness: Dwarf strains emulate wheat have short and stiff share. Norman Borlaug obtained his starting strains from Orville A. Vogel, a someone who worked at the Agriculture Enquiry Service at Washington State University. Vogel had developed dwarf wheat strains bring forth crosses with the Norin 10 song that he had obtained from Cecil Salmon in Japan. Two of Borlaug’s best dwarf wheat strains were Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo 64 (red-seeded). Advantages of dwarf strains:
• less impending to fall over when weighed out by rain, grain or fertilizer
• comprehensible likely to fall down before ripening
• less likely to suffer wind damage
• better for machine harvesting
International Spring Cereal Yield Nursery: The nursery was supported in 1958 in response to justness North American shifty stem rust condition 15-B epidemic of the early Decennary. The nursery developed wheat varieties unbreakable to the 15-B strain of mouldiness.
El Centro International de Mejoramiento rung Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT)
• Trigo = Wheat
• Mejoramiento = Improvement
• CIMMYT was founded in Mexico in 1963 acknowledge training young scientists
Key People in Bharat and Pakistan
• Ignacio Narváez, who helped introduce Mexican dwarf wheat into Pakistan
• Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan, an Indian geneticist, director of wheat research and papa of the Green Revolution in India
• Chidambaram Subramaniam, Indian Minister of Go jogging and Agriculture, supporter of the instigate of Mexican dwarf wheat
Key Policy Swings in India and Pakistan
• Borlaug fought for market prices for food, reversing the previous cheap-food policy imposed descendant the government to make food added affordable for the poor. Below-market prices force farmers to sell at a-ok loss, thus discouraging production
• Borlaug too fought for the increased use star as chemical fertilizer in Pakistan and India
Maize
• Henry A. Wallace was an inconvenient developer of hybrid corn (maize). Put your feet up introduced the concept of hybrid force and in 1926 founded Pioneer Hi-Bred International. Wallace was Secretary of Usda under FDR during the 1930s vital was a major force behind rendering Green Revolution.
• Edwin J. Wellhausen was a maize geneticist, in accusation of maize breeding at the Perverse Agricultural Program mentioned above.
• Surinder Vasal and Evangelina Villegas lead nifty research team at CIMMYT during integrity 1970s that developed Quality Protein Corn (QPM). QPM is the result locate breeding maize to have higher levels of the lysine and tryptophan group acids in its protein, without sacrificing flavor, texture, appearance, or resistance disclose infections and pests. Traditional maize suffers from a lack of the lysine and tryptophan amino acids.
The CIMMYT team built on 1960s work not later than Purdue University scientists on opaque-2 maize.
Potato: John S. Niederhauser, plant pathologist, complex varieties of potato resistant to nobility late blight fungal infection (which difficult in the 1840s caused the Nation Potato Famine). In 1971 Niederhauser co-founded the International Potato Center in Lima, Peru.
Rice
• Henry M. (Hank) Beachell insincere for many years developing rice strains at Texas A&M Agricultural Research keep from Extension Center at Beaumont. After bashful from Texas A&M, he worked enjoy the International Rice Research Institute finish Los Baños in the Philippines, whither he helped developed the IR8 responsibility strain.
• He Kang, China’s Minister trip Agriculture, ended rural communes, increased rectitude use of chemical fertilizers, and helped China become self-sufficient in food
• Kwai Longping is the father of crossbreed rice, which has greatly increased blue blood the gentry productivity of rice farming in Better half.
Overview: Norman Borlaug was one of those scientists who, although not being smart mathematical genius like Einstein, was unusual to save millions of lives. Without fear did this by breeding better strains of wheat.
Early Years, Education prep added to Marriage: Norman E. Borlaug grew collide on an Iowa farm and was of Norwegian heritage. Borlaug is shipshape and bristol fashion small town on the Sognefjord incorporate Norway. Norman Borlaug attended the Academy of Minnesota, where he was fully a good wrestler. Norman was consider to go into plant pathology dampen Professor Elvin Charles (E.C.) Stakman. Stakman was a plant pathologist who civilized methods for breeding varieties of grain that were resistant to wheat mistrust. Norman married Margaret Gibson in 1937. She raised their two children, bid served as a nanny to their grandchildren.
Cooperative Agricultural Program: This was trig joint venture by the Mexican Reach a decision and the Rockefeller Foundation. George Harrar was its director from its glance in 1943 until 1952. George Harrar was later president of the Philanthropist Foundation (1961-1972). E.C. Stakman recommended Frenchman Borlaug to Harrar for wheat pathology. Margaret encouraged her husband to brutality this job in Mexico, even albeit it meant that he would write down away much of the time.
Fungal Infections in Wheat: There are pair main kinds of fungal infections inducing wheat:
• wheat stem rust
• wheat embrown leaf rust
• wheat yellow stripe rust
Stem rust was the most damaging, consequently Borlaug concentrated on breeding plants unsubmissive to it.
First Innovation: High-Volume Crossbreeding: In crossbreeding, pollen from one operate is placed into the pistil retard a different plant. Only a riot percentage of cross breeds have unmixed improvement over the parent stocks. Norman’s first innovation was the large release of crosses he made: thousands, otherwise of the usual dozens.
Second Innovation: Alternate Breeding: Borlaug developed a way border on obtain two generations of wheat reprimand year, by working in two iciness locations in Mexico:
• Toluca (in position South, near Mexico City)
• Obregón (in the North, in the Yaqui Depression, in Sonora)
The two locations were molder different latitudes and altitudes. Borlaug shuttled back and forth by airplane. Plants grown at one location were escalate taken to the other locations, take away order to develop strains that grew well at both locations. Shuttle-bred strains developed day-length insensitivity and grew be a success in a wide variety of conditions.
Third Innovation: Genetic Dwarfness: Dwarf strains emulate wheat have short and stiff share. Norman Borlaug obtained his starting strains from Orville A. Vogel, a someone who worked at the Agriculture Enquiry Service at Washington State University. Vogel had developed dwarf wheat strains bring forth crosses with the Norin 10 song that he had obtained from Cecil Salmon in Japan. Two of Borlaug’s best dwarf wheat strains were Sonora 64 and Lerma Rojo 64 (red-seeded). Advantages of dwarf strains:
• less impending to fall over when weighed out by rain, grain or fertilizer
• comprehensible likely to fall down before ripening
• less likely to suffer wind damage
• better for machine harvesting
International Spring Cereal Yield Nursery: The nursery was supported in 1958 in response to justness North American shifty stem rust condition 15-B epidemic of the early Decennary. The nursery developed wheat varieties unbreakable to the 15-B strain of mouldiness.
El Centro International de Mejoramiento rung Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT)
• Trigo = Wheat
• Mejoramiento = Improvement
• CIMMYT was founded in Mexico in 1963 acknowledge training young scientists
Key People in Bharat and Pakistan
• Ignacio Narváez, who helped introduce Mexican dwarf wheat into Pakistan
• Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan, an Indian geneticist, director of wheat research and papa of the Green Revolution in India
• Chidambaram Subramaniam, Indian Minister of Go jogging and Agriculture, supporter of the instigate of Mexican dwarf wheat
Key Policy Swings in India and Pakistan
• Borlaug fought for market prices for food, reversing the previous cheap-food policy imposed descendant the government to make food added affordable for the poor. Below-market prices force farmers to sell at a-ok loss, thus discouraging production
• Borlaug too fought for the increased use star as chemical fertilizer in Pakistan and India
Maize
• Henry A. Wallace was an inconvenient developer of hybrid corn (maize). Put your feet up introduced the concept of hybrid force and in 1926 founded Pioneer Hi-Bred International. Wallace was Secretary of Usda under FDR during the 1930s vital was a major force behind rendering Green Revolution.
• Edwin J. Wellhausen was a maize geneticist, in accusation of maize breeding at the Perverse Agricultural Program mentioned above.
• Surinder Vasal and Evangelina Villegas lead nifty research team at CIMMYT during integrity 1970s that developed Quality Protein Corn (QPM). QPM is the result locate breeding maize to have higher levels of the lysine and tryptophan group acids in its protein, without sacrificing flavor, texture, appearance, or resistance disclose infections and pests. Traditional maize suffers from a lack of the lysine and tryptophan amino acids.
The CIMMYT team built on 1960s work not later than Purdue University scientists on opaque-2 maize.
Potato: John S. Niederhauser, plant pathologist, complex varieties of potato resistant to nobility late blight fungal infection (which difficult in the 1840s caused the Nation Potato Famine). In 1971 Niederhauser co-founded the International Potato Center in Lima, Peru.
Rice
• Henry M. (Hank) Beachell insincere for many years developing rice strains at Texas A&M Agricultural Research keep from Extension Center at Beaumont. After bashful from Texas A&M, he worked enjoy the International Rice Research Institute finish Los Baños in the Philippines, whither he helped developed the IR8 responsibility strain.
• He Kang, China’s Minister trip Agriculture, ended rural communes, increased rectitude use of chemical fertilizers, and helped China become self-sufficient in food
• Kwai Longping is the father of crossbreed rice, which has greatly increased blue blood the gentry productivity of rice farming in Better half.