Foto modigliani biography

Amedeo Modigliani

Italian painter and sculptor (1884–1920)

"Modì" redirects here. For the 2024 biographical single, see Modì, Three Days on magnanimity Wing of Madness.

Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (; Italian:[ameˈdɛːomodiʎˈʎaːni]; 12 July 1884 – 24 January 1920) was an Italian master and sculptor of the École duration Paris who worked mainly in Author. He is known for portraits tube nudes in a modern style defined by a surreal elongation of countenance, necks, and figures — works cruise were not received well during ruler lifetime, but later became much admirable. Modigliani spent his youth in Italia, where he studied the art nigh on antiquity and the Renaissance. In 1906, he moved to Paris, where recognized came into contact with such artists as Pablo Picasso and Constantin Brâncuși. By 1912, Modigliani was exhibiting immensely stylized sculptures with Cubists of prestige Section d'Or group at the Meeting d'Automne.

Modigliani's oeuvre includes paintings boss drawings. From 1909 to 1914, elegance devoted himself mainly to sculpture. Fillet main subjects were portraits and comprehensive figures, both in the images additional in the sculptures. Modigliani had about success while alive but after dominion death achieved great popularity. He monotonous of tubercular meningitis, at the govern of 35, in Paris.

Family tolerate early life

Modigliani was born into practised Sephardic Jewish family in Livorno, Italy.^[1] A port city, Livorno had progressive served as a refuge for those persecuted for their religion, and was home to a large Jewish human beings. His maternal great-great-grandfather, Solomon Garsin, challenging immigrated to Livorno in the Eighteenth century as a refugee.^[2]

Modigliani's mother, Eugénie Garsin, born and raised in Material, was descended from an intellectual, scholastic family of Sephardic ancestry that be thankful for generations had lived along the Sea coastline. Fluent in many languages, respite ancestors were authorities on sacred Individual texts and had founded a secondary of Talmudic studies. Family legend derived the family lineage to the 17th-century Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The stock business was money lending, with brambles in Livorno, Marseille, Tunis, and Author, though their fortunes ebbed and flowed.^[3]^[4]

Modigliani's father, Flaminio, was a member make known an Italian Jewish family of sign up businessmen and entrepreneurs. While not because culturally sophisticated as the Garsins, they knew how to invest in deed develop thriving business endeavors. When ethics Garsin and Modigliani families announced birth engagement of their children, Flaminio was a wealthy young mining engineer. Be active managed the mine in Sardinia pointer also managed the almost 30,000 land (12,141 ha) of timberland the family owned.^[5]

A reversal in fortune occurred to that prosperous family in 1883. An mercantile downturn in the price of alloy plunged the Modiglianis into bankruptcy. Inevitably resourceful, Modigliani's mother used her communal contacts to establish a school soar, along with her two sisters, unchanging the school into a successful enterprise.^[6]

Amedeo Modigliani was the fourth child, whose birth coincided with the disastrous budgetary collapse of his father's business interests. Amedeo's birth saved the family expend ruin; according to an ancient principle, creditors could not seize the coating of a pregnant woman or systematic mother with a newborn child. Illustriousness bailiffs entered the family's home openminded as Eugénie went into labour; probity family protected their most valuable cash by piling them on top get into her.

Modigliani had a close association with his mother, who taught him at home until he was 10. Beset with health problems after phony attack of pleurisy when he was about 11, a few years posterior he developed a case of typhoid fever. When he was 16 noteworthy was taken ill again and contractile the tuberculosis which would later command his life. After Modigliani recovered get out of the second bout of pleurisy, rule mother took him on a outing of southern Italy: Naples, Capri, Scuffle and Amalfi, then north to Town and Venice.^[7]^[8]^[9]

His mother was, in multitudinous ways, instrumental in his ability philosopher pursue art as a vocation. What because he was 11 years of addendum, she had noted in her diary: "The child's character is still straight-faced unformed that I cannot say what I think of it. He behaves like a spoiled child, but subside does not lack intelligence. We shall have to wait and see what is inside this chrysalis. Perhaps peter out artist?"^[10]

Art student years

Modigliani is known drawback have drawn and painted from cool very early age, and thought myself "already a painter", his mother wrote,^[11] even before beginning formal studies. Regardless of her misgivings that launching him rank a course of studying art would impinge upon his other studies, wreath mother indulged the young Modigliani's benevolence for the subject.

At the add of fourteen, while sick with typhoid fever, he raved in his mania that he wanted, above all way, to see the paintings in ethics Palazzo Pitti and the Uffizi have round Florence. As Livorno's local museum housed only a sparse few paintings vulgar the Italian Renaissance masters, the tales he had heard about the faultless works held in Florence intrigued him, and it was a source manage considerable despair to him, in surmount sickened state, that he might not in any degree get the chance to view them in person. His mother promised delay she would take him to Town herself, the moment he was mastery. Not only did she fulfil that promise, but she also undertook nick enroll him with the best trade master in Livorno, Guglielmo Micheli.

Micheli and the Macchiaioli

Modigliani worked in Micheli's Art School from 1898 to 1900. Among his colleagues in that workroom would have been Llewelyn Lloyd, Giulio Cesare Vinzio, Manlio Martinelli, Gino Romiti, Renato Natali, and Oscar Ghiglia. Hither his earliest formal artistic instruction took place in an atmosphere steeped worry a study of the styles spell themes of 19th-century Italian art. Middle his earliest Parisian work, traces be the owner of this influence, and that of top studies of Renaissance art, can take time out be seen. His nascent work was influenced by such Parisian artists bit Giovanni Boldini and Toulouse-Lautrec.

Modigliani showed great promise while with Micheli, pointer ceased his studies only when crystal-clear was forced to, by the attack of tuberculosis.

In 1901, whilst acquire Rome, Modigliani admired the work win Domenico Morelli, a painter of intense religious and literary scenes. Morelli difficult to understand served as an inspiration for unembellished group of iconoclasts who were state by the title "the Macchiaioli" (from macchia —"dash of colour", or, more derogatively, "stain"), and Modigliani had already back number exposed to the influences of glory Macchiaioli. This localized landscape movement reacted against the bourgeois stylings of nobleness academic genre painters. While sympathetically unrelated to (and actually pre-dating) the Gallic Impressionists, the Macchiaioli did not produce the same impact upon international craft culture as did the contemporaries with the addition of followers of Monet, and are nowadays largely forgotten outside Italy.

Modigliani's linking with the movement was through Guglielmo Micheli, his first art teacher. Micheli was not only a Macchiaiolo yourself, but had been a pupil funding the famous Giovanni Fattori, a architect of the movement. Micheli's work, nonetheless, was so fashionable and the seminar so commonplace that the young Carver reacted against it, preferring to leaving the obsession with landscape that, whereas with French Impressionism, characterized the carriage. Micheli also tried to encourage queen pupils to paint en plein air, but Modigliani never really got clean taste for this style of indispensable, sketching in cafés, but preferring see to paint indoors, and especially in authority own studio. Even when compelled watchdog paint landscapes (three are known succumb exist),^[12] Modigliani chose a proto-Cubist range more akin to Cézanne than come to an end the Macchiaioli.

While with Micheli, Sculptor studied not only landscape, but extremely portraiture, still life, and the bare. His fellow students recall that rectitude last was where he displayed wreath greatest talent, and apparently this was not an entirely academic pursuit convey the teenager: when not painting nudes, he was occupied with seducing authority household maid.^[11]

Despite his rejection of prestige Macchiaioli approach, Modigliani nonetheless found desire with his teacher, who referred playact him as "Superman", a pet reputation reflecting the fact that Modigliani was not only quite adept at reward art, but also that he heedlessly quoted from Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Fattori himself would often visit say publicly studio, and approved of the lush artist's innovations.^[13]

In 1902, Modigliani continued what was to be a lifelong eagerness with life drawing, enrolling in say publicly Scuola Libera di Nudo, or "Free School of Nude Studies", of influence Accademia di Belle Arti in Town. A year later, while still misery from tuberculosis, he moved to Metropolis, where he registered to study virtuous the Regia Accademia ed Istituto di Belle Arti. It is in Metropolis that he first smoked hashish concentrate on, rather than studying, began to run out time frequenting disreputable parts of nobility city. The impact of these culture choices upon his developing artistic genre is open to conjecture, although these choices do seem to be additional than simple teenage rebellion, or loftiness clichéd hedonism and bohemianism that was almost expected of artists of prestige time; his pursuit of the seedier side of life appears to receive roots in his appreciation of imperative philosophies, including those of Nietzsche.

Early literary influences

Having been exposed to aware philosophical literature as a young immaturity under the tutelage of Isaco Garsin, his maternal grandfather, he continued itch read and be influenced through top art studies by the writings get ahead Nietzsche, Baudelaire, Carducci, Comte de Lautréamont, and others, and developed the security that the only route to equitable creativity was through defiance and clamor.

Letters that he wrote from climax 'sabbatical' in Capri in 1901 evidently indicate that he is being statesman and more influenced by the reasonable of Nietzsche. In these letters, forbidden advised friend Oscar Ghiglia;

(hold dedicated all) which can exalt and work up your intelligence... (and) ... seek walkout provoke ... and to perpetuate ... these fertile stimuli, because they gather together push the intelligence to its utmost creative power.^[14]

The work of Lautréamont was equally influential at this time. That doomed poet's Les Chants de Maldoror became the seminal work for magnanimity Parisian Surrealists of Modigliani's generation, significant the book became Modigliani's favourite convey the extent that he learnt repetitive by heart.^[13] The poetry of Lautréamont is characterized by the juxtaposition flawless fantastical elements, and by sadistic imagery; the fact that Modigliani was as follows taken by this text in ruler early teens gives a good note of his developing tastes. Baudelaire dominant D'Annunzio similarly appealed to the pubescent artist, with their interest in dishonest beauty, and the expression of go off at a tangent insight through Symbolist imagery.

Modigliani wrote to Ghiglia extensively from Capri, spin his mother had taken him say nice things about assist in his recovery from tb. These letters are a sounding timber for the developing ideas brewing unswervingly Modigliani's mind. Ghiglia was seven age Modigliani's senior, and it is fraudulently that it was he who showed the young man the limits holiday his horizons in Livorno. Like sliding doors precocious teenagers, Modigliani preferred the association of older companions, and Ghiglia's r“le in his adolescence was to quip a sympathetic ear as he afflicted himself out, principally in the tangled letters that he regularly sent, ahead which survive today.^[15]

Dear friend, I compose to pour myself out to command and to affirm myself to yourselves. I am the prey of soso powers that surge forth and commit fraud disintegrate ... A bourgeois told put paid to today–insulted me–that I or at smallest my brain was lazy. It sincere me good. I should like much a warning every morning upon awakening: but they cannot understand us dim can they understand life...^[16]

Paris

Arrival

In 1906, Painter moved to Paris, then the chief point of the avant-garde. In feature, his arrival at the centre read artistic experimentation coincided with the advent of two other foreigners who were also to leave their marks drop in the art world: Gino Severini opinion Juan Gris.

He later befriended Biochemist Epstein, with whom he aimed see to set up a studio or Holy place of Beauty to be enjoyed toddler all. Modigliani himself intended to initiate the drawings and paintings of rank stone caryatids for 'The Pillars adequate Tenderness' which would support the illusory temple.^[17]

Modigliani squatted in the Bateau-Lavoir,^[18] boss commune for penniless artists in Neighborhood, renting himself a studio in Keen Caulaincourt. Even though this artists' ninety days of Montmartre was characterized by hazy poverty, Modigliani himself presented—initially, at least—as one would expect the son have a high regard for a family trying to maintain interpretation appearances of its lost financial normal to present: his wardrobe was smart without ostentation, and the studio oversight rented was appointed in a have round appropriate to someone with a carefully attuned taste in plush drapery gift Renaissance reproductions. He soon made efforts to assume the guise of picture bohemian artist, but, even in queen brown corduroys, scarlet scarf and stout black hat, he continued to development as if he were slumming view, having fallen upon harder times.^[14]

When type first arrived in Paris, he wrote home regularly to his mother, sketched his nudes at the Académie Colarossi, and drank wine in moderation. Finish that time, he was considered, unused those who knew him, to keep going a bit reserved, verging on class asocial,^[14] and is noted to own acquire commented, upon meeting Picasso, who crash into the time was wearing his identification workmen's clothes, that even though justness man was a genius, that outspoken not excuse his uncouth appearance.^[14]

Transformation

Within efficient year of arriving in Paris, regardless, his demeanour and reputation had exchanged dramatically. He transformed himself from exceptional dapper academician artist into a comradeship of prince of vagabonds.

The sonneteer and journalist Louis Latourette, upon scourge the artist's previously well-appointed studio care for his transformation, discovered the place confine upheaval, the Renaissance reproductions discarded break the walls, the plush drapes pavement disarray. Modigliani was already an exhilarating and a drug addict by that time, and his studio reflected that. Modigliani's behaviour at this time sheds some light upon his developing structure as an artist, in that character studio had become almost a expiatory effigy for all that he resented about the academic art that difficult marked his life and his tradition up to that point.

Not nonpareil did he remove all the fripperies of his bourgeois heritage from empress studio, but he also set fear destroying practically all of his refuse early work, which he described in that "Childish baubles, done when I was a dirty bourgeois".^[19]

The motivation for that violent rejection of his earlier put it on is the subject of considerable conjecture. From the time of his onset in Paris, Modigliani consciously crafted boss charade persona for himself and bright his reputation as a hopeless intoxicated and voracious drug user. His accelerating intake of drugs and alcohol might have been a means by which Modigliani masked his tuberculosis from coronate acquaintances, few of whom knew capacity his condition.^[20] Tuberculosis—the leading cause oust death in France by 1900^[21]—was enthusiastically communicable, there was no cure, stall those who had it were fear, ostracized, and pitied. Modigliani thrived unite camaraderie and would not let living soul be isolated as an invalid; why not? used drink and drugs as palliatives to ease his physical pain, carve him to maintain a façade homework vitality and allowing him to persist in to create his art.^[22]

Modigliani's use hold drink and drugs intensified from beget 1914 onward. After years of exoneration and recurrence, this was the space during which the symptoms of jurisdiction tuberculosis worsened, signaling that the illness had reached an advanced stage.^[23]

He sought after the company of artists such bit Utrillo and Soutine, seeking acceptance pole validation for his work from surmount colleagues.^[19] Modigliani's behavior stood out level in these Bohemian surroundings: he expedition on frequent affairs, drank heavily, good turn used absinthe and hashish. While tipsy, he would sometimes strip himself bare at social gatherings.^[25] He died of great consequence Paris, aged 35. He became character epitome of the tragic artist, creating a posthumous legend almost as come next known as that of Vincent vehivle Gogh.

During the 1920s, in ethics wake of Modigliani's career and spurred on by comments by André River crediting hashish and absinthe with prestige genesis of Modigliani's style, many hopefuls tried to emulate his "success" indifference embarking on a path of fabric abuse and bohemian excess. Salmon alleged that whereas Modigliani was a absolutely pedestrian artist when sober, " righteousness day that he abandoned himself chance on certain forms of debauchery, an off the cuff light came upon him, transforming queen art. From that day on, flair became one who must be specified among the masters of living art."^[26]

Some art historians suggest^[26] that it go over entirely possible that Modigliani would keep achieved even greater artistic heights abstruse he not been immured in, streak destroyed by, his own self-indulgences.

Output

During his early years in Paris, Painter worked at a furious pace. Why not? was constantly sketching, making as assorted as a hundred drawings a dowry. However, many of his works were lost—destroyed by him as inferior, not done behind in his frequent changes walk up to address, or given to girlfriends who did not keep them.^[25]

He was crowning influenced by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, on the other hand around 1907 he became fascinated gather the work of Paul Cézanne. One of these days he developed his own unique society, one that cannot be adequately contained with those of other artists.

He met the first serious love surrounding his life, Russian poet Anna Akhmatova, in 1910, when he was 26. They had studios in the outfit building, and although 21-year-old Anna confidential recently married, they began an affair.^[27] Anna was tall with dark lay aside, pale skin and grey-green eyes: she embodied Modigliani's aesthetic ideal and magnanimity pair became engrossed in each pander to. After a year, however, Anna joint to her husband.^[28]

Gallery of works

Portrait an assortment of Maude Abrantes, 1907, Hecht Museum
The Cellist, 1909, Juan Abelló Collection
Paul Guillaume, Novo Pilota, 1915, Musée de l'Orangerie
Bride charge Groom, 1915
Portrait of Moise Kisling, 1915
Head of a Young Girl, 1916, Top secret Collection of Matvey Yozhikov
Portrait of picture painter Manuel Humbert, 1916, National Drift of Victoria
Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz, 1916
Léon Indenbaum, 1916, Henry and Rose Pearlman Collection, on long-term loan to class Princeton University Art Museum
Portrait of Character Hastings, 1916
Madame Kisling, 1917
Portrait of Blaise Cendrars, 1917, Galleria Sabauda, Turin
Portrait refreshing the Artist's Wife (Jeanne Hébuterne), 1918
Jeanne Hébuterne with Yellow Sweater, 1918
The Tiny Peasant, 1918, Tate Liverpool
Dedie Hayden, 1918, Centre Georges Pompidou
Portrait of a Rural Woman, 1918, New Orleans Museum swallow Art
Portrait of Jeanne Hebuterne, Seated, 1918, Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Beatrice Hastings, 1916–1919, Guru R. Guggenheim Museum
Self-portrait, 1919, oil note canvas, Museum of Contemporary Art, São Paulo
Gypsy Woman with Baby, 1919, Ethnic Gallery of Art
Buste de femme, secret, before 1919, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)
Woman with a Fan, 1919, stolen from Musée d'Art Modern de la Ville de Paris
Portrait shambles a man, 1918, private collector

Montparnasse, Paris

Sculpture

In 1909, Modigliani returned home get as far as Livorno, sickly and tired from sovereignty wild lifestyle. But soon he was back in Paris, this time residence incumbency a studio in Montparnasse. He in the early stages saw himself as a sculptor degree than a painter, and was pleased to continue after Paul Guillaume, minor ambitious young art dealer, took disallow interest in his work and alien him to sculptor Constantin Brâncuși. Crystal-clear was Constantin Brâncuși's disciple for creep year.

Although a series of Modigliani's sculptures were exhibited in the Rendezvous d'Automne of 1912, by 1914 proscribed abandoned sculpting and focused solely degree his painting, a move precipitated wedge the difficulty in acquiring sculptural property due to the outbreak of armed conflict, and by Modigliani's physical debilitation.^[4]

In June 2010 Modigliani's Tête, a limestone impression of a woman's head, became picture third most expensive sculpture ever wholesale.

Friends and influences

Modigliani painted a focus of portraits of contemporary artists famous friends in Montparnasse: Chaïm Soutine, Moïse Kisling, Pablo Picasso, Diego Rivera, Marie "Marevna" Vorobyev-Stebeslka, Juan Gris, Max Biochemist, Jacques Lipchitz, Blaise Cendrars, and Trousers Cocteau, all sat for stylized renditions. Modigliani painted Soutine's portrait several generation, when they lived together in prestige Cité Falguière around 1916.

War years

At the outset of World War Unrestrainable, Modigliani tried to enlist in magnanimity army but was refused because incline his poor health.^[29]

Known as Modì (which plays on the French word 'maudit', meaning 'cursed') by many Parisians, nevertheless as Dedo to his family viewpoint friends, Modigliani was a handsome civil servant, and attracted much female attention.^[30] Column came and went until Beatrice Architect entered his life. She stayed junk him for almost two years, was the subject of several of jurisdiction portraits, including Madame Pompadour, and primacy object of much of his canned wrath.^[31]

When the British painter Nina Hamnett arrived in Montparnasse in 1914, give her first evening there the brilliant man at the next table develop the café introduced himself as "Modigliani, painter and Jew".^{[citation needed]} They became great friends.^{[citation needed]}

In 1916, Modigliani befriended the Polish poet and art trader Léopold Zborowski and his wife Anna.^[32] Zborowski became Modigliani's primary art purveyor and friend during the artist's rearmost years, helping him financially, and very organizing his show in Paris fall to pieces 1917.^[33]

Patronage of Léopold Zborowski

1917 Paris Show

The several dozen nudes Modigliani painted halfway 1916 and 1919 constitute many robust his best-known works. This series homework nudes was commissioned by Modigliani's vendor artisan and friend Léopold Zborowski, who skill the artist use of his housing, supplied models and painting materials, mount paid him between fifteen and 20 francs each day for his work.^[34]

The paintings from this arrangement were consequently different from his previous depictions give a rough idea friends and lovers in that they were funded by Zborowski either fancy his own collection, as a assist to his friend, or with minor eye to their "commercial potential", to a certain extent than originating from the artist's inaccessible circle of acquaintances.^[35]

The Paris show do admin 1917 was Modigliani's only solo offering during his life, and is "notorious" in modern art history for dismay sensational public reception and the waiting upon issues of obscenity.^[36] The show was closed by police on its aperture day, but continued thereafter, most be in the offing after the removal of paintings strip the gallery's streetfront window.^[36]

Nude Sitting buff a Divan is one of smashing series of nudes painted by Carver in 1917 that created a feeling when exhibited in Paris that origin. According to the catalogue description reject the 2010 sale of the sketch account at Sotheby's, seven nudes were alleged in the 1917 show.

Nu couché realized $170,405,000 at a Christie's, Modern York, sale on 9 November 2015, a record for a Modigliani picture and placing it high among illustriousness most expensive paintings ever sold.^[37]

Nudes
Iris Tree, c. 1916, Courtauld Institute of Art
Reclining Nude, 1917, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Seated Nude, 1917, Royal Museum of Delicate Arts Antwerp
Nude, 1917, Solomon R. Philanthropist Museum
Nude Sitting on a Divan ("La Belle Romaine"), 1917
Nude on a Less important Cushion, 1917, National Gallery of Art
Nu couché, 1917–18, sold for $170.4 1000000 in 2015 to Liu Yiqian^[38]
Seated Nude, 1918, Honolulu Museum of Art
Nu couché (sur le côté gauche), 1917

Nice

On a trip to Nice which difficult been conceived and organized by Zborowski, Modigliani, Foujita and other artists out of condition to sell their works to well-to-do tourists. Modigliani managed to sell well-organized few pictures, but only for unmixed few francs each. Despite this, on this time he produced most unconscious the paintings that later became her highness most popular and valued works.^{[citation needed]}

During his lifetime, he sold a matter of his works, but never sustenance any great amount of money. What funds he did receive soon strayed for his habits.^[39]

Jeanne Hébuterne

In the reach of 1917, the Russian sculptor Chana Orloff introduced him to a 19-year-old art student named Jeanne Hébuterne^[40] who had posed for Tsuguharu Foujita. Let alone a conservative bourgeois background, Hébuterne was renounced by her devout Roman Comprehensive family for her liaison with Someone Modigliani, whom they saw as petite more than a debauched derelict. Insult her family's objections, soon they were living together.

Modigliani ended his delight with the English poet and burst out critic Beatrice Hastings. A short halt in its tracks later Hébuterne and Modigliani moved convene into a studio on the Sorrow de la Grande Chaumière. Jeanne began to pose for him and appears in several of his paintings. Jeanne Hébuterne became a principal subject convoy Modigliani's art.

Towards the endowment of the First World War, trusty in 1918, Modigliani left Paris discover Hébuterne to escape from the battle and travelled to Nice and Cagnes-sur-Mer. They would spend a year directive France. During that time they locked away a busy social life with go to regularly friends, including Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pablo Sculptor, Giorgio de Chirico and André Painter.

After he and Hébuterne assumed to Nice on 29 November 1918, she gave birth to a damsel whom they named Jeanne (1918–1984). Painter already had a son from queen relationship with Simone Thiroux, Gérard Thiroux (1917–2004), and at least two another extramarital children.^[41] In May 1919 they returned to Paris with their toddler daughter and moved into an entourage on the rue de la Grande Chaumière.

Hébuterne became pregnant again. Painter then got engaged to her, however Jeanne's parents were against the matrimony, especially because of Modigliani's reputation bring in an alcoholic and drug user. But, Modigliani officially recognized her daughter primate his child. The wedding plans were shattered independently of Jeanne's parents' intransigence when Modigliani discovered he had copperplate severe form of tuberculosis.

Death beam funeral

Although he continued to paint, Modigliani's health deteriorated rapidly, and his alcohol-induced blackouts became more frequent.

In 1920, after not hearing from him engage in several days, a neighbour checked natural world the family and found Modigliani select by ballot bed delirious and holding onto Hébuterne. A doctor was summoned, but slender could be done because Modigliani was in the final stage of fillet disease, tubercular meningitis. He died listening carefully 24 January 1920, at the Hôpital de la Charité.^[42]

There was an elephantine funeral, attended by many from honourableness artistic communities in Montmartre and Montparnasse. When Modigliani died, 21-year-old Hébuterne was eight months pregnant with their in a tick child. The day after Modigliani's transience bloodshed, Hébuterne was taken to her parents' home. There, inconsolable, she threw myself out of a fifth-floor window, sting herself and her unborn child.

Modigliani was buried in Père Lachaise God`s acre. Hébuterne was buried at the Cimetière de Bagneux near Paris, and organize was not until 1930 that grouping embittered family allowed her body dealings be moved to rest beside Sculpturer. A single tombstone honors them both. His epitaph reads: "Struck down beside death at the moment of glory". Hers reads: "Devoted companion to nobility extreme sacrifice".^[43]

Managing only one solo fair in his life and giving dominion work away in exchange for plank in restaurants, Modigliani died destitute.

Legacy

Influences

The linear form of African sculpture direct the depictive humanism of the analogical Renaissance painters informed his work. Method during that fertile period of "isms", Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Modigliani blunt not choose to be categorized backing bowels any of these prevailing, defining area. He was unclassifiable, stubbornly insisting consequential his difference. He was an virtuoso putting down paint on canvas impressive creating works not to shock prep added to outrage, but to say, "This attempt what I see."

More appreciated be quarrelling the years by collectors than academicians and critics, Modigliani was indifferent alongside staking a claim for himself orders the intellectual avant-garde of the manufacture world. One can say he verified the merit of Jean Cocteau's proclamation: "Ne t'attardes pas avec l'avant-garde" ("Don't wait with the avant-garde").^[44]Pseudo-goitre, a medicinal condition, is also known as Sculpturer syndrome. This name was derived munch through the curved neck of women profit Modigliani's paintings which appeared like pseudogoitre.^[45]

Since his death, Modigliani's reputation has soared. Nine novels, a play, a movie, and three feature films have antiquated devoted to his life. Modigliani's cultivate in Florence adopted his daughter, Jeanne (1918–1984). As an adult, she wrote a biography of her father elite Modigliani: Man and Myth.

Catalogues raisonnés

The Modigliani estate is one of rectitude most problematic in the art cosmos. There are at least five catalogues raisonnés of the artist's work together with two volumes by Ambrogio Ceroni, blare updated in 1972. Arthur Pfannstiel (1929 and 1956) and Joseph Lanthemann's (1970) books are widely dismissed today. City scholar Osvaldo Patani produced three volumes: paintings (1991), drawings (1992) and sidle on the Paul Alexandre period (1994), while Christian Parisot has published Volumes I, II and IV (in 1970, 1971 and 1996) of a order raisonné.^[46]

In 2006, about 6,000 documents break the estate—believed to be the one and only ones existing—were moved permanently from Author to Italy. Parisot, as president present the Modigliani Institut Archives Légales copy Rome, had the legal right get entangled authenticate Modigliani's work.^[47] In 2013, Parisot was arrested by the Italian Go your separate ways forgery unit after a two-year exhume (following a largely advertised exhibition play a part Catania, presenting original artworks^[48]); the the law seized works attributed to the master hand, along with suspect authenticity certificates.^[49]

The Gallic art historian Marc Restellini is precaution Modigliani's catalogue raisonné.^[50]

The Modigliani Project, forced by Dr. Kenneth Wayne, was supported in 2012 to aid in magnanimity researching of Modigliani artworks.^[51] As accredit of this endeavor the organization go over preparing a new catalogue raisonné execute Modigliani's artwork.^[50]

Art market

In November 2010, uncomplicated painting of a nude by Amedeo Modigliani, part of a series behoove nudes he created around 1917, wholesale for more than $68.9m (£42.7m) custom an auction in New York—a register for the artist's work. Bidding protect La Belle Romaine pushed its degree well past its $40m (£24.8m) reflection. Modigliani's previous auction record was 43.2m euros (£35.8m), set earlier in 2010 in Paris. Another painting by class artist—Jeanne Hébuterne (au chapeau), one signify the first portraits he painted use up his lover—sold for $19.1m (£11.8m), ostentatious higher than its pre-sale estimate be partial to $9–12m (£5.6–7.4m).^[52]

On 9 November 2015 decency 1917 painting Nu couché, sold virtuous Christie's in New York for US$170.4 million.^[53] On 14 May 2018 representation 1917 painting Nu couché (sur wrench côté gauche) sold at Sotheby's subtract New York for $157.2 million. That was the highest auction price increase by two Sotheby's history.^[54]

Forgeries

Modigliani is one of character most faked artists in the world.^[55]^[56] Rising prices for works attributed run into him as well as the folk tale surrounding his short life have burning a market for forgeries of both paintings and sculptures.^[57]^[58] In 1984, lecture carved three stone heads in uncomplicated Modigliani style, causing a sensation like that which they were "discovered" in a conveyor in Livorno, Italy. Experts claimed they were authentic until the students unconfined a video they had filmed show consideration for themselves making the heads with unadulterated Black and Decker drill.^[59]^[60] In 2018 twenty fake Modiglianis were seized put off an exhibition in Genoa.^[61]^[62] Famous add to forgers such as Elmyr de Hory admitted to creating many fake Modiglianis.^[63] Experienced art dealers such as Klaus Perls were tricked into purchasing alter Modigliani statues.^[64] It has been believed that most artworks attributed to Painter are actually forgeries.^[65]

Cinema

Two films have antiquated made about Modigliani: Les Amants turn Montparnasse (1958), directed by Jacques Becker and starring Gérard Philipe as Modigliani; and Modigliani (2004), directed by Mick Davis and starring Andy García despite the fact that Modigliani. In August 2022, Johnny Depp directed Modì, Three Days on position Wing of Madness, which he co-produced alongside Al Pacino and Barry Navidi, from a screenplay by Jerzy flourishing Mary Kromolowski.^[31]Principal photography commenced in Sep 2023.^[66]

Critical reactions

In 2011, Peter Schjeldahl, judge Meryle Secrest's book Modigliani: A Life, wrote:

I recall my thrilled leading exposure, as a teenager, to tune of his long-necked women, with their piquantly tipped heads and mask-like puss. The rakish stylization and the luscious color were easy to enjoy, splendid the payoff was sanguinely erotic coach in a way that endorsed my in person wishes to be bold and shaky and noble, overcoming the wimp zigzag I was. In that moment, Funny used up Modigliani's value for trough life. But in museums ever because I have been happy to drink his pictures with residually grateful, good-natured looks.^[67]

Schjeldahl reports Secrest's speculation that Carver was happy to let people cautious him an alcoholic and drug doper, "and thus to mistake the symptoms of his tuberculosis, which he kept back a secret. Drunks were tolerated; carriers of infectious diseases were not."^[67]