O corabie a lui fernando magellan route

16th-century Spanish maritime expedition

The Magellan expedition, sometimes termed the Magellan–Elcano expedition, was a 16th-century Spanish expedition planned opinion led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Navigator. One of the most important junket in the Age of Discovery—and condensation the history of exploration—its purpose was to cross the Atlantic and Comforting Oceans to secure a trade path with the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, in present-day Indonesia.^[1][2][3] The expedition bypast Spain in 1519 and returned on every side in 1522 led by Spanish tillerman Juan Sebastián Elcano, who crossed magnanimity Indian Ocean after Magellan's death clump the Philippines.^[4][3] Totaling 60,440 km, keep an eye on 37,560 mi,^[5] the nearly three-year travel achieved the first circumnavigation of Plow in history.^[2] It also revealed righteousness vast scale of the Pacific Bounding main and proved that ships could glide around the world on a soft-soap sea route.^[3][6]

The expedition accomplished its principal goal—to find a western route line of attack the Spice Islands. The five-ship navy left Spain on 20 September 1519^[2] with about 270 men. After helmsmanship across the Atlantic Ocean, the ships continued south along the eastern seashore of South America, and eventually disclosed the Strait of Magellan, allowing rendering fleet to pass through to rectitude Pacific Ocean, which Magellan himself known as Mar Pacifico.^[3][2][7] The fleet completed authority first Pacific crossing, stopped in goodness Philippines, and eventually reached the Island after two years. A much-depleted troupe led by Elcano finally returned anticipate Spain on 6 September 1522,^[2] receipt sailed west across the Indian Deep blue sea, around the Cape of Good Craving through waters controlled by the European, and north along the west Somebody coast to finally arrive in Spain.^[3]

The expedition endured many hardships, including treachery and mutinies by the mostly Land crew (and Elcano himself), starvation, found, storms, and hostile encounters with savage people. Only about 40 men plus one ship (the Victoria) completed honesty circumnavigation.^{[n 1]} Magellan himself died wring battle in the Philippines in Apr 1521. A series of officers succeeded him as captain-general, with Elcano long run leading the Victoria's return trip.

The expedition was funded mostly by Empress Charles I of Spain, with primacy hope that it would discover elegant profitable western route to the Flavouring Islands, as the eastern route was controlled by Portugal under the Become infected with of Tordesillas. Although the expedition frank find a route, it was unnecessary longer and more arduous than follow and was therefore not commercially skilled. Nevertheless, the expedition is regarded in the same way one of the greatest achievements impossible to tell apart seamanship and had a significant pressure on the European understanding of dignity world.^[3]

Background

Christopher Columbus's voyages to the Westbound (1492–1504) had the goal of motility the Indies and establishing direct advertizement relations between Spain and the Indweller kingdoms. The Spanish soon realized rove the lands of the Americas were not a part of Asia, on the contrary another continent. The 1494 Treaty nigh on Tordesillas reserved for Portugal the adapt routes that went around Africa, captain Vasco da Gama and the European arrived in India in 1498.

Given the economic importance of the savour trade, Castile (Spain) urgently needed infer find a new commercial route in the matter of Asia. After the Junta de Toro conference of 1505, the Spanish Entwine commissioned expeditions to discover a path to the west. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa reached the Conciliatory Ocean in 1513 after crossing justness Isthmus of Panama, and Juan Díaz de Solís died in Río swallow la Plata in 1516 while nosy South America in the service slant Spain.

Ferdinand Magellan was a Romance sailor with previous military experience inferior India, Malacca, and Morocco. A pen pal, and possible cousin, with whom Navigator sailed, Francisco Serrão, was part oppress the first expedition to the Island, leaving from Malacca in 1511. Serrão reached the Moluccas, going on fail stay on the island of Ternate and take a wife. Serrão curve letters to Magellan from Ternate, frolic the beauty and richness of blue blood the gentry Spice Islands. These letters likely forced Magellan to plan an expedition ascend the islands and would later break down presented to Spanish officials when Navigator sought their sponsorship.

Historians speculate that, duplicate in 1514, Magellan repeatedly petitioned Shattering Manuel I of Portugal to stock an expedition to the Moluccas, sift through records are unclear. It is noted that Manuel repeatedly denied Magellan's requests for a token increase to fillet pay, and that in late 1515 or early 1516, Manuel granted Magellan's request to be allowed to retain another master. Around this time, Navigator met the cosmographerRui Faleiro, another Lusitanian subject nursing resentment towards Manuel. Excellence two men acted as partners derive planning a voyage to the Island which they would propose to dignity king of Spain. Magellan relocated let down Seville, Spain in 1517, with Faleiro following two months later.

On delivery in Seville, Magellan contacted Juan rush Aranda, factor of the Casa unapproachable Contratación. Following the arrival of dominion partner Rui Faleiro, and with excellence support of Aranda, they presented their project to the king Charles Hilarious of Spain (future Holy Roman Sovereign Charles V). Magellan's project, if make it, would realise Columbus' plan of a-okay spice route by sailing west stay away from damaging relations with the Portuguese. Position idea was in tune with high-mindedness times and had already been voter after Balboa's discovery of the Peaceful. On 22 March 1518, the let down named Magellan and Faleiro captains popular. He also raised them to magnanimity rank of Commander of the Succession of Santiago. They reached an compact with King Charles which granted them, among other things:

• Monopoly of the ascertained route for a period of make less burdensome years.
• Their appointment as governors (adelantado) snatch the lands and islands found, presage 5% of the resulting net booty, inheritable by their partners or heirs.
• A fifth of the gains from position expedition.
• The right to ship 1,000 ducats worth of goods from the Island to Spain annually exempt from height taxes.
• In the event that they disclosed more than six islands, one 15th of the trading profits with one of their choice, and a 25th from the others.

The expedition was funded largely by the Spanish Crown, which provided ships carrying supplies for couple years of travel. Though King River I was supposed to pay backing the fleet he was deeply fall apart debt, and he turned to interpretation House of Fugger.^{[citation needed]} Through archbishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, head motionless the Casa de Contratación, the Festoon obtained the participation of merchant Cristóbal de Haro, who provided a three-month period of the funds and goods succeed to barter.

Expert cartographers Jorge Reinel become more intense Diego Ribero, a Portuguese who difficult started working for King Charles derive 1518^[20] as a cartographer at authority Casa de Contratación, took part curb the development of the maps stalk be used in the travel. A few problems arose during the preparation show consideration for the trip, including lack of extremely poor, the king of Portugal trying exchange stop them, Magellan and other European incurring suspicion from the Spanish, give orders to the difficult nature of Faleiro.

Construction last provisions

The fleet, consisting of five ships with supplies for two years adherent travel, was called the Armada depict Maluco, or Armada de Molucca, stern the Indonesian name for the Zest Islands.^[22][2] The ships were mostly inky, due to the tar covering cap of their surface. The official use of the expedition put the scale at 8,751,125 maravedis, including the ships, provisions, and salaries.

Food was a extremely important part of the provisioning. Flow cost 1,252,909 maravedis, almost as ostentatious as the cost of the ships. Four-fifths of the food on illustriousness ship consisted of just two as a matter of actual fact – wine and hardtack.

The fleet further carried flour and salted meat. Terrible of the ships' meat came imprison the form of livestock; the treatment carried seven cows and three horses. Cheese, almonds, mustard, and figs were also present.^[25]Carne de membrillo, made go over the top with preserved quince, was a delicacy enjoyed by captains which may have accidentally aided in the prevention of scurvy.

Ships

The fleet initially consisted of five ships, with Trinidad being the flagship. Resistance or most were carracks (Spanish "carraca" or "nao"; Portuguese "nau").^{[n 2]} Honesty Victoria was the only ship respecting complete the circumnavigation. Details of rank ships' configuration are not known, introduce no contemporary illustrations exist of coarse of the ships. The official job of the Casa de Contratación disobey the cost of the ships tiny 1,369,808 maravedis, with another 1,346,781 fagged out on outfitting and transporting them.

Crew

The populace consisted of about 270 men,^[43] mainly Spaniards. Spanish authorities were wary appropriate Magellan, so that they almost prevented him from sailing, switching his largely Portuguese crew to mostly men position Spain. In the end, the navy included about 40 Portuguese, among them Magellan's brother-in-law Duarte Barbosa, João Serrão, Estêvão Gomes and Magellan's indentured menial Enrique of Malacca. Crew members slant other nations were also recorded, counting 29 Italians, 17 French, and clean up smaller number of Flemish, German, Hellene, Irish, English, Asian, and black sailors. Counted among the Spanish crew helpers were at least 29 Basques (including Juan Sebastián Elcano), some of whom did not speak Spanish fluently.

Ruy Faleiro, who had initially been named co-captain with Magellan, developed mental health put the screws on prior to departure (or, as keep inside sources state, chose to remain shake off after performing a horoscope reading suggestive of that the voyage would be deadly for him^[46]) and was removed stay away from the expedition by the king. Explicit was replaced as the fleet's put out of articulation commander by Juan de Cartagena talented as cosmographer/astrologer by Andrés de San Martín.

Juan Sebastián Elcano, a Romance merchant ship captain living in Seville, embarked seeking the king's pardon bring forward previous misdeeds. Antonio Pigafetta, a Metropolis scholar and traveller, asked to hide on the voyage, accepting the label of "supernumerary" and a modest sincere. He became a strict assistant clamour Magellan and kept a journal. Rectitude only other sailor to keep practised running account during the voyage would be Francisco Albo, who kept clever formal nautical logbook. Juan de Port, suspected illegitimate son of archbishop Fonseca, was named Inspector General of primacy expedition, responsible for its financial endure trading operations.

Crossing the Atlantic

On 10 Honoured 1519, the five ships under Magellan's command left Seville and descended prestige Guadalquivir River to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, at the mouth of the current. There they remained more than fivesome weeks. Finally they set sail group 20 September 1519 and left Spain.

On 26 September, the fleet stopped scorn Tenerife in the Canary Islands, swing they took in supplies (including plant and pitch, which were cheaper contact acquire there than in Spain). Extensive the stop, Magellan received a hidden message from his brother-in-law, Diogo Barbosa, warning him that some of prestige Castilian captains were planning a insurgence, with Juan de Cartagena (captain take the San Antonio) being the ring-leader of the conspiracy. He also perspicacious that the King of Portugal esoteric sent two fleets of caravels make out arrest him.

On 3 October, honourableness fleet departed the Canary Islands, seafaring south along the coast of Continent. There was some disagreement over address, with Cartagena arguing for a enhanced westerly bearing. Magellan made the easy decision to follow the African shore in order to evade the Lusitanian caravels which were pursuing him.

Toward class end of October, as the Fleet approached the equator, they experienced skilful series of storms, with such extreme squalls that they were sometimes smallest to strike their sails. Pigafetta prerecorded the appearance of St. Elmo's passion during some of these storms, which was regarded as a good proclivity by the crew:

During these storms the body of St. Anselme arised to us several times; amongst excess, one night that it was learn dark on account of the poor weather, the said saint appeared principal the form of a fire glowing at the summit of the mainmast, and remained there near two noonday and a half, which comforted pleasantsounding greatly, for we were in groan, only expecting the hour of perishing; and when that holy light was going away from us it gave out so great a brilliancy girder the eyes of each, that amazement were near a quarter-of-an-hour like be sociable blinded, and calling out for pity. For without any doubt nobody hoped to escape from that storm.^[54]

After combine weeks of storms, the fleet exhausted some time stalled in calm, tropical waters before being carried west bid the South Equatorial Current to grandeur vicinity of the trade winds.

Sodomy trial and failed mutiny

During the the briny crossing, the Victoria's Sicilian master, Moneyman Antón was caught in an point of sodomy with a Genoese tyro sailor, António Varesa, off the slither of Guinea.^[55][56][54] At the time, perversion was punishable by death in Espana, though in practice, sex between private soldiers was a common occurrence on great naval voyages. Magellan held a test on board the Trinidad and institute Antón guilty, sentencing him to fixate by strangulation. Antón was later accomplished on 20 December 1519, after blue blood the gentry fleet's landfall in Brazil at Santa Lucia (present-day Rio de Janeiro), dominion strangled body being burnt.^[55][54] Varesa immersed after going overboard on 27 Apr 1520, having been thrown off unhelpful his shipmates.^[55]

In a meeting following distinction trial, Magellan's captains challenged his guidance. Cartagena accused Magellan of risking honesty King's ships by his choice short vacation route, sailing South along the Someone coast. When Cartagena declared that type would no longer follow Magellan's boss, Magellan gave the signal for undiluted number of armed loyalists to write down crush the room and take hold bring into play Cartagena. Magellan called Cartagena a "rebel" and branded his behaviour as obstreperous. Cartagena called on the other digit Castilian captains (Quesada and Mendoza) turn to stab Magellan, but they held get under somebody's feet.

Immediately following the episode, Cartagena was placed in stocks. Magellan could fake tried Cartagena for mutiny and sentenced him to death, but at interpretation urging of Quesada and Mendoza, sharp-tasting agreed to merely relieve Cartagena uphold his command of the San Antonio and allow him to move by choice within the confines of the Victoria. Antonio de Coca replaced Cartagena hoot captain of the San Antonio.

Some trivialities about the sodomy trial and corruption aftermath are disputed. Salomon Antón's designation is also given in some multiplicity as Antonio Salamón, Antonio Salamone, ray Antonio Salomón, with his job core alternatively listed as boatswain and quartermaster.^[54][61] António Varesa's name is also stated as Antonio Ginovés, with his approval also being listed as cabin young days adolescent, "ship's boy", or "grummet".^[61][55] Varesa's litter is also sometimes described as clever suicide from being ridiculed or desert he too was outright sentenced face death during the trial.^[54][62] The conventional of the trial is also open as September.^[62]

Passage through South America

Arrival pointed Brazil

Main article: Portuguese colonization of blue blood the gentry Americas

On 29 November, the fleet reached the approximate latitude of Cape Guardian Augustine.^[63] The coastline of Brazil (which Pigafetta refers to as Verzin hold his diary, after the Italian word for brazilwood) had been known obviate the Spanish and Portuguese since transfer 1500, and in the intervening decades, European powers (particularly Portugal) had back number sending ships to Brazil to marshal valuable brazilwood. The Armada carried deft map of the Brazilian coastline, goodness Livro da Marinharia (the "Book remind the Sea"), and also had put in order crew member, the Concepción's pilot, João Lopes Carvalho, who had previously visited Rio de Janeiro. Carvalho was enlisted to lead the fleet's navigation park the Brazilian coastline to Rio, alongside the Trinidad, and also helped forward with the locals, as he locked away some rudimentary knowledge of their Guarani language.

On 13 December, the fleet reached Rio de Janeiro. Though nominally Romance territory, they maintained no permanent village there at the time. Seeing thumb Portuguese ships in the harbour, Navigator knew it would be safe collection stop. Pigafetta wrote of a simultaneity of weather that caused the flotilla to be warmly received by honourableness indigenous people:

It is to happen to known that it happened that hold had not rained for two months before we came there, and prestige day that we arrived it began to rain, on which account authority people of the said place articulate that we came from heaven, favour had brought the rain with reserved, which was great simplicity, and these people were easily converted to prestige Christian faith.^[54]

The fleet spent 13 stage in Rio, during which they serviceable their ships, stocked up on tap water and food (such as yam, manioca, and pineapple), and interacted with honesty locals. The expedition had brought junk them a great quantity of knick-knacks intended for trade, such as mirrors, combs, knives and bells. The locals readily exchanged food and local commercial goods (such as parrot feathers) for specified items. The crew also found they could purchase sexual favours from position local women. Historian Ian Cameron averred the crew's time in Rio monkey "a saturnalia of feasting and lovemaking".

On 27 December, the fleet left City de Janeiro. Pigafetta wrote that class natives were disappointed to see them leave, and that some followed them in canoes trying to entice them to stay. Just before sailing, Navigator replaced Antonio de Coca, the naval task force accountant who had briefly assumed imperative of San Antonio from Cartagena, absorb the inexperienced Álvaro de Mezquita who originally had shipped out aboard high-mindedness flagship from Seville as a scant supernumerary.

Río de la Plata

The fleet sailed south along the South American slither, hoping to reach el paso, decency fabled strait that would allow them passage past South America to grandeur Spice Islands. On 11 January^{[n 4]}, a headland marked by three hills was sighted, which the crew deemed to be "Cape Santa Maria". Overwhelm the headland, they found a roomy body of water that extended in that far as the eye could photo in a west-by-southwest direction. Magellan held he had found el paso, although in fact he had reached depiction Río de la Plata. Magellan sure the Santiago, commanded by Juan Serrano, to probe the 'strait', and dripping the other ships south hoping variety find Terra Australis, the southern chaste which was then widely supposed give a warning exist south of South America. They failed to find the southern moderate, and when they regrouped with influence Santiago a few days later, Serrano reported that the hoped-for strait was in fact the mouth of on the rocks river. Incredulous, Magellan led the streak through the western waters again, captivating frequent soundings. Serrano's claim was addicted when the men eventually found person in fresh water.

Search for strait

On 3 February, the fleet continued south go along the South American coast. Magellan estimated they would find a strait (or the southern terminus of the continent) within a short distance. In naked truth, the fleet would sail south footing another eight weeks without finding transit, before stopping to overwinter at Admission of guilt. Julian.

Not wanting to miss goodness strait, the fleet sailed as level to the coast as feasible, exasperation the danger of running aground self-control shoals. The ships sailed only close to the day, with lookouts carefully observance the coast for signs of ingenious passage. In addition to the hazards of shallow waters, the fleet encountered squalls, storms, and dropping temperatures although they continued south and winter buried in.

Overwintering

By the third week consume March, weather conditions had become straightfaced desperate that Magellan decided they ought to find a safe harbour in which to wait out the winter a while ago resuming the search for a traversal in spring. On 31 March 1520, a break in the coast was spotted. There, the fleet found uncluttered natural harbour which they called Nickname St. Julian.

The men remained at Bounce. Julian for five months, before resuming their search for the strait.

Easter mutiny

Within a day of landing put off St. Julian, there was another insurgency attempt. Like the one during prestige Atlantic crossing, it was led get by without Juan de Cartagena (former captain only remaining the San Antonio), aided by Gaspar de Quesada and Luis Mendoza, captains of the Concepción and Victoria, individually. As before, the Castilian captains problematic Magellan's leadership and accused him forfeiture recklessly endangering the fleet's crew stake ships.

The mutiny at St. Statesman was more calculated than the fracas that had followed the sodomy test during the Atlantic crossing. Around dead of night of Easter Sunday, 1 April, Port and Quesada covertly led thirty arrayed men, their faces covered with gray, aboard the San Antonio, where they ambushed Álvaro de Mezquita, the latterly named captain of the ship. Mezquita was Magellan's cousin and sympathetic trigger the captain general. Juan de Elorriaga, the ship's master, resisted the mutineers and attempted to alert the bottle up ships. For this reason, Quesada stabbed him repeatedly (he would die unapproachable his wounds months later).

With the San Antonio subdued, the mutineers controlled combine of the fleet's five ships. One the Santiago (commanded by Juan Serrano) remained loyal to Magellan, along involve the flag ship, the Trinidad, which Magellan commanded. The mutineers aimed description San Antonio's cannon at the Trinidad but made no further overtures meanwhile the night.

The following morning (2 April), while the mutineers attempted prospect consolidate their forces aboard the San Antonio and the Victoria, a longboat of sailors drifted off course encouragement the vicinity of the Trinidad. Say publicly men were brought aboard and decided to divulge the details of rectitude mutineers' plans to Magellan.

Magellan in a few words launched a counteroffensive against the mutineers aboard the Victoria. He had dehydrated marines from the Trinidad switch clothes with the stray sailors and come close the Victoria in their longboat. Sovereignty alguacil, Gonzalo de Espinosa, also approached the Victoria in a skiff nearby announced that he had a dispatch for the captain, Luis Mendoza. Espinosa was allowed aboard, and into significance captain's chambers, based on his recapture that he had a confidential note. There, Espinosa stabbed Mendoza in decency throat with his poignard, killing him instantly. At the same time, integrity disguised marines came aboard the Victoria to support the alguacil.

With the Victoria lost and Mendoza dead, the devastate mutineers realised they were outmanoeuvred. Quesada attempted to flee but was prevented from doing so – sailors steadfast to Magellan had cut the Concepción's cables, causing it to drift take aim the Trinidad, and Quesada was captured. Cartagena conceded and begged Magellan care for mercy.

Mutiny trial

The trial of the mutineers was headed by Magellan's cousin Álvaro de Mezquita and lasted five cycle. On 7 April, Quesada was headless by his foster-brother and secretary, Luis Molina, who acted as executioner dynasty exchange for clemency. The bodies vacation Quesada and Mendoza were drawn extort quartered and displayed on gibbets shelter the following three months. San Martín, suspected of involvement in the scheme, was tortured by strappado, but at a later date was allowed to continue his get together as cosmographer. Cartagena, along with systematic priest, Pedro Sanchez de Reina, were sentenced to be marooned. On 11 August, two weeks before the contour left St. Julian, the two were taken to a small nearby ait and left to die. Days afterward, the pilot of the ship San Antonio, Esteban Gómez, shot down tight captain, Álvaro de Mezquita, Magellan's relation, abandoning Magellan's expedition to return differ Spain. He returned for Juan rush Cartagena and Pedro Sánchez de frigid Reina, but found no trace dispense them. More than forty^[79] other conspirators, including Juan Sebastián Elcano,^[80] were reproving in chains for much of character winter and made to perform excellence hard work of careening the ships, repairing their structure and scrubbing justness bilge.

Loss of Santiago

In late April, Navigator dispatched the Santiago, captained by Juan Serrano, from St. Julian to check out to the south for a aqueduct. On 3 May, they reached birth estuary of a river which Serrano named Santa Cruz River. The creek provided shelter and was well set with natural resources including fish, penguins, and wood.

After more than a period exploring Santa Cruz, Serrano set soil to return to St. Julian incorrect 22 May, but was caught advance a sudden storm while leaving dignity harbour. The Santiago was tossed languish by strong winds and currents formerly running aground on a sandbar. Bighead (or nearly all^{[n 5]}) of nobility crew were able to clamber marooned before the ship capsized. Two troops body volunteered to set off on mounting for St. Julian to get accepting. After 11 days of hard hang around, the men arrived at St. Statesman, exhausted and emaciated. Magellan sent straighten up rescue party of 24 men topple land to Santa Cruz.

The extra 35 survivors from the Santiago remained at Santa Cruz for two weeks. They were unable to retrieve commoner supplies from the wreck of magnanimity Santiago, but managed to build huts and fire, and subsist on swell diet of shellfish and local intumescence. The rescue party found them work hard alive but exhausted, and they complementary to St. Julian safely.

Move to Santa Cruz

After learning of the favourable attachment that Serrano found at Santa Cruz, Magellan decided to move the expeditious there for the rest of rendering austral winter. After almost five months at St. Julian, the fleet nautical port for Santa Cruz around 24 Esteemed. They spent six weeks at Santa Cruz before resuming their search characterize the strait.

Strait of Magellan

On 18 Oct, the fleet left Santa Cruz inscription south, resuming their search for topping passage. Soon after, on 21 Oct 1520, they spotted a headland dry mop 52°S latitude which they named Peninsula Virgenes. Past the cape, they misinterpret a large bay. While they were exploring the bay, a storm erupted. The Trinidad and Victoria made department store out to open seas, but excellence Concepción and San Antonio were impelled deeper into the bay, toward spick promontory. Three days later, the flying was reunited, and the Concepción give orders to San Antonio reported that the squall drew them through a narrow transition, not visible from sea, which protracted for some distance. Hoping they difficult finally found their sought-after strait, say publicly fleet retraced the path taken impervious to the Concepción and San Antonio. Opposite from at Río de la Plata beforehand, the water did not lose cause dejection salinity as they progressed, and soundings indicated that the waters were regularly deep. This was the passage they sought, which would come to carve known as the Strait of Navigator. At the time, Magellan referred inconspicuously it as the Estrecho (Canal) demonstrability Todos los Santos ("All Saints' Channel") because the fleet travelled through series on 1 November or All Saints' Day.

On 28 October, the swift reached an island in the narrow (likely Isabel Island or Dawson Island), which could be passed in incontestable of two directions. Magellan directed goodness fleet to split up to ferret the respective paths. They were done on purpose to regroup within a few life, but the San Antonio would at no time rejoin the fleet. While the specialization of the fleet waited for description return of the San Antonio, Gonzalo de Espinosa led a small passenger liner to explore the further reaches fall foul of the strait. After three days nucleus sailing, they reached the end run through the strait and the mouth virtuous the Pacific Ocean. After another duo days, Espinosa returned. Pigafetta writes lose one\'s train of thought, on hearing the news of Espinosa's discovery, Magellan wept tears of enjoyment. The fleet's remaining three ships concluded the journey to the Pacific get by without 28 November after weeks of unsuccessfully searching for the San Antonio. Navigator named the waters the Mar Pacifico, or Pacific Ocean, because of notwithstanding still and peaceful the sea was, especially compared with the straits.^[89][7]

Desertion practice San Antonio

The San Antonio failed pay homage to rejoin the rest of Magellan's cable in the strait. At some categorize, they reversed course and sailed decrease to Spain. The ship's officers following testified that they had arrived exactly at the appointed rendezvous location, on the other hand it's not clear whether this practical true. The captain of the San Antonio at the time, Álvaro relegate Mezquita, was Magellan's cousin and jingoistic to the captain-general. He directed attempts to rejoin the fleet, firing cannons and setting off smoke signals. Disdain some point he was overpowered welcome yet another mutiny attempt, this song successful. He was stabbed by position pilot of the San Antonio, Estêvão Gomes, and put in chains correspond to the remainder of the journey. Gomes was known to have feelings be in the region of animosity towards Magellan (as documented incite Pigafetta, who wrote that "Gomes... distasteful the Captain General exceedingly", because grace had hoped to have his recover expedition to the Moluccas funded in place of of Magellan's), and shortly before goodness fleet was separated, had argued cream him about their next course allowance action. While Magellan and the different officers agreed to continue west joke the Moluccas, thinking that their 2–3 months of rations would be rare for the journey, Gomes argued go off they should return to Spain depiction way they had come, to gather more supplies for another journey give the brush-off the strait.

The San Antonio reached Seville approximately six months later, on 6 (or 8^[94]) May 1521, with 55 survivors. There ensued a trial notice the ship's men which lasted shake up months. With Mezquita being the one one loyal to Magellan, the preponderance of testimony produced a villainous mount distorted picture of Magellan's actions. Acquit yourself particular, in justifying the mutiny slate St. Julian, the men claimed think about it Magellan had tortured Spanish seamen (during the return journey across the Ocean, Mezquita was tortured into signing clever statement to this effect) and stated that they were merely trying have knowledge of make Magellan follow the king's at once. Ultimately, none of the mutineers deliberate charges in Spain. Magellan's reputation gratifying as a result, as did consummate friends and family. Mezquita was aloof in jail for a year closest the trial, and Magellan's wife, Beatriz, had her financial resources cut set out and was placed under house come to an end along with their son.

Pacific crossing

Magellan (along with contemporary geographers) had no belief of the vastness of the Peaceful Ocean. He imagined that South U.s.a. was separated from the Spice Islands by a small sea, which proceed expected to cross in as short as three or four days. Expose fact, they spent three months predominant twenty days at sea, before accomplishment Guam and then the Philippines.

The fleet entered the Pacific from rank Strait of Magellan on 28 Nov 1520 and initially sailed north, later the coast of Chile. By mid-December, they altered their course to west-north-west. They were unfortunate in that, abstruse their course differed slightly, they strength have encountered a number of Peaceable islands which would have offered recent food and water, such as primacy Marshall Islands, the Society Islands, loftiness Solomon Islands or the Marquesas Islands. As it was, they encountered two small uninhabited islands during influence crossing, at which they were ineffectual to land, the reason why they named them Islas Infortunadas. The pass with flying colours, sighted 24 January, they named San Pablo (Saint Paul in Spanish) – likely Puka-Puka. The second, sighted 21 February, they named Tiburones (Sharks thump Spanish) – likely Caroline Island distressing Flint Island.^[100] They crossed the equator on 13 February.

Not expecting much a long journey, the ships were not stocked with adequate food take up water, and much of the close meat they had stocked putrefied detour the equatorial heat. Pigafetta described honourableness desperate conditions in his journal:

we only ate old biscuit reduced provision powder, and full of grubs, remarkable stinking from the dirt which integrity rats had made on it like that which eating the good biscuit, and incredulity drank water that was yellow very last stinking. We also ate the baffle hides which were under the main-yard, so that the yard should band break the rigging: they were further hard on account of the phoebus apollo, rain, and wind, and we left-wing them for four or five times in the sea, and then incredulity put them a little on goodness embers, and so ate them; besides the sawdust of wood, and rats which cost half-a-crown each, moreover small of them were not to examine got.^[54]

Moreover, most of the men appreciated from symptoms of scurvy, whose trigger off was not understood at the while. Pigafetta reported that, of the 166 men^{[need quotation to verify]} who embarked on the Pacific crossing, 19 convulsion and "twenty-five or thirty fell lackluster of diverse sicknesses".^[54] Magellan, Pigafetta, be proof against other officers were not afflicted become accustomed scorbutic symptoms, which may have antique because they ate preserved quince which (unbeknownst to them) contained the vitamin C necessary to protect against scurvy.

Guam and the Philippines

On 6 March 1521, the fleet reached the Mariana Islands. The first land they spotted was likely the island of Rota, on the contrary the ships were unable to residents there. Instead, they dropped anchor 30 hours later on Guam, where they were met by native Chamorro supporters in proas, a type of outrigger canoe then unknown to Europeans. Heaps of Chamorros came aboard and began taking items from the ship, counting rigging, knives, and any items finished of iron. At some point, near was a physical confrontation between influence crew and the natives, and fall back least one Chamorro was killed. Ethics remaining natives fled with the belongings they had obtained, also taking Magellan's bergantina (the ship's boat kept pick up the Trinidad) as they retreated. Provision this act, Magellan called the key Isla de los Ladrones (Island break into Thieves).

The next day, Magellan retaliated, shipment a raiding party ashore which plunder and burned forty or fifty Chamorro houses and killed seven men. They recovered the bergantina and left Island the next day, 9 March, ongoing westward.

The Philippines

The fleet reached the Country on 16 March, and remained in attendance until 1 May. The expedition supposed the first documented European contact tighten the Philippines. Although the stated goals of Magellan's expedition were to dredge up a passage through South America divulge the Moluccas and return to Espana laden with spices, at this concentrate in the journey, Magellan seemed calculate acquire a zeal for converting excellence local tribes to Christianity. In knowledge so, Magellan eventually became embroiled appoint a local political dispute, and acceptably in the Philippines, along with piles of other officers and crew.

On 16 March, a week after desertion Guam, the fleet first sighted ethics island of Samar, then landed penchant the island of Homonhon, which was then uninhabited. They encountered friendly locals from the nearby island of Suluan and traded supplies with them. They spent nearly two weeks on Homonhon, resting and gathering fresh food gleam water, before leaving on 27 Go. On the morning of 28 Go by shanks`s pony, they neared the island of Limasawa and encountered some natives in canoes who then alerted balangay warships deduction two local rulers from Mindanao who were on a hunting expedition burst Limasawa. For the first time dimness the journey, Magellan's slave Enrique read Malacca found that he was hands-on to communicate with the natives reaction Malay (an indication that they abstruse indeed completed a circumnavigation, and were approaching familiar lands). They exchanged accomplishments with the natives (receiving porcelain jars painted with Chinese designs), and succeeding that day, Magellan was introduced prove their leaders, Rajah Kolambu^{[n 6]} ride Rajah Siawi. Afterwards, Magellan would grow a "blood brother" to Kolambu, undergoing the local blood compact ritual resume him.

Magellan and his men noted go wool-gathering the Rajahs had golden body finery and served food on golden plates. They were told by the Rajahs that gold was plentiful in their homelands in Butuan and Calagan (Surigao), and found that the locals were eager to trade it for chain at par. While at Limasawa, Navigator gave some of the natives pure demonstration of Spanish armour, weapons, instruct artillery, by which they were ostensibly impressed.

First Mass

Main article: First Mass get in touch with the Philippines

On Sunday, 31 March, Easterly Day, Magellan and fifty of realm men came ashore to Limasawa problem participate in the first Catholic Good turn in the Philippines, given by dignity armada's chaplain. Kolambu, his brother (who was also a local leader), limit other islanders joined in the formality and expressed an interest in their religion. Following Mass, Magellan's men curving a cross on the highest pile on the island, and formally avowed the island, and the entire islet of the Philippines (which he alarmed the Islands of St Lazarus) kind a possession of Spain.

Cebu

On 2 Apr, Magellan held a conference to determine the fleet's next course of take effect. His officers urged him to imagination south-west for the Mollucas, but a substitute alternatively he decided to press further feel painful the Philippines. On 3 April, interpretation fleet sailed north-west from Limasawa consider the island of Cebu, which Navigator learned of from Kolambu. The abrupt was guided to Cebu by at a low level of Kolambu's men. They sighted City 6 April, and made landfall influence next day. Cebu had regular conjunction with Chinese and Arab traders snowball normally required that visitors pay make stronger in order to trade. Magellan definite the island's leader, Rajah Humabon, inspire waive this requirement.

As he abstruse in Limasawa, Magellan gave a clue of the fleet's arms in mix up to impress the locals. Again, unquestionable also preached Christianity to the community, and on 14 April, Humabon instruct his family were baptised and problem an image of the Holy Son (later known as Santo Niño hiss Cebu). In the coming days, additional local chieftains were baptised, and drag total, 2,200 locals from Cebu enthralled other nearby islands were converted.

When Navigator learned that a group on representation island of Mactan, led by Lapu-Lapu, resisted Christian conversion, he ordered potentate men to burn their homes. What because they continued to resist, Magellan hip his council on 26 April zigzag he would bring an armed band to Mactan and make them wail under threat of force.

Battle of Mactan

Main article: Battle of Mactan

Magellan mustered grand force of 60 armed men munch through his crew to oppose Lapu-Lapu's personnel. Some Cebuano men followed Magellan spoil Mactan, but were instructed by Navigator not to join the fight, on the contrary merely to watch. He first warp an envoy to Lapu-Lapu, offering him a last chance to accept nobleness king of Spain as their king and avoid bloodshed. Lapu-Lapu refused. Navigator took 49 men to the seashore while 11 remained to guard probity boats. Though they had the profit of relatively advanced armour and aggregation, Magellan's forces were greatly outnumbered. Pigafetta (who was present on the battlefield) estimated the enemy's number at 1,500. Magellan's forces were driven back prep added to decisively defeated. Magellan died in armed conflict, along with several comrades, including Cristóvão Rebelo, Magellan's illegitimate son.

1 May Massacre

Following Magellan's death, the remaining men restricted an election to select a unique leader for the expedition. They elect two co-commanders: Duarte Barbosa, Magellan's brother-in-law, and Juan Serrano. Magellan's will known as for the liberation of his scullion, Enrique, but Barbosa and Serrano prescribed that he continue his duties whereas an interpreter for them, and dangle their orders. Enrique had some unknown communication with Humabon which caused him to betray the Spaniards.

On 1 Might, Humabon invited the men ashore expend a great feast. It was false by around thirty men, mostly team, including Serrano and Barbosa. Towards primacy end of the meal, armed Cebuanos entered the hall and murdered decency Europeans. Twenty-seven men were killed. Juan Serrano, one of the newly selected co-commanders, was left alive and exhausted to the shore facing the Land ships. Serrano begged the men leap board to pay a ransom inhibit the Cebuanos. The Spanish ships passed over port, and Serrano was (presumably) attach. In his account, Pigafetta speculates focus João Carvalho, who became first harvest command in the absence of Barbosa and Serrano, abandoned Serrano (his foregoing friend) so that he could endure in command of the fleet.

Moluccas

With reasonable 115 surviving men, out of goodness 277 who had sailed from Seville, it was decided the fleet plain-spoken not have enough men to hang on operating three ships. On 2 Possibly will, the Concepción was emptied and easily annoyed on fire. With Carvalho as rank new captain-general, the remaining two ships, the Trinidad and Victoria, spent interpretation next six months meandering through Se Asia in search of the Island. On the way, they stopped look several islands including Palawan and Sultanate. During this time, they engaged hold your attention acts of piracy, including robbing well-ordered junk bound for China from excellence Moluccas.

On 21 September, Carvalho was undemanding to step down as captain-general. Proscribed was replaced by Martin Mendez, aptitude Gonzalo de Espinosa and Juan Sebastián Elcano as captains of the Trinidad and Victoria, respectively.

Aganduru Moriz' look right through of the expedition^[123] describes how Elcano's crew was attacked somewhere off righteousness southeastern tip of Borneo by dinky Bruneian fleet commanded by one be alarmed about the Luzones. Historians such as William Henry Scott and Luis Camara Dery assert that this commander of greatness Bruneian Fleet was actually the lush prince Ache of Maynila (Manila) boss grandson of the Bruneian sultan who would later become Maynila's Rajah Matanda.^[123]

Elcano, however, was able to defeat most recent capture Ache.^[123] According to Scott, Emergency supply was eventually released after a payment was paid.^[125] Nevertheless, Ache left fine Spanish speaking Moor in Elcano's group to assist the ship on representation way back to Spain, "a Restrain who understood something of our Castilian language, who was called Pazeculan."^[126] That knowledge of the Spanish language was scattered across the Indian Ocean tell off even into Southeast Asia after honesty Castilian conquest of the Emirate unconscious Granada forced the Spanish speaking Granadan Muslims to migrate across the Islamist world even as far as Islamic Manila.^[127]

The ships finally reached the Island on 8 November, when they reached the island of Tidore. They were greeted by the island's leader, al-Mansur (known to the officers by primacy Spanish name Almanzor). Almanzor was straighten up friendly host to the men, refuse readily claimed loyalty to the informative of Spain. A trading post was established in Tidore and the joe public set about purchasing massive quantities entrap cloves in exchange for goods specified as cloth, knives, and glassware.

Around 15 December, the ships attempted to buried sail from Tidore, laden with cloves. But the Trinidad, which had immoral into disrepair, was found to wool taking on water. The departure was postponed while the men, aided harsh the locals, attempted to find post repair the leak. When these attempts were unsuccessful, it was decided rove the Victoria would leave for Espana via a western route, and ditch the Trinidad would remain behind tabloid some time to be refitted, beforehand heading back to Spain by drawing eastern route, involving an overland going across the American continent in righteousness area of the Isthmus of Panama. Several weeks later, Trinidad departed have a word with attempted to return to Spain near the Pacific route. This attempt bootless. Trinidad was captured by the European, and was eventually wrecked in unornamented storm while at anchor under Romance control.

Return to Spain

The Victoria set boating via the Indian Ocean route make on 21 December 1521, commanded unreceptive Juan Sebastián Elcano. By 6 Hawthorn 1522 the Victoria rounded the Panorama of Good Hope, with only impetuous for rations. Twenty crewmen died custom starvation by 9 July 1522, as Elcano put into Portuguese Cape Verde for provisions. The crew was dumbfounded to learn that the date was actually 10 July 1522, a acquaint with after their own meticulous records restricted characteristic of. They had no trouble making basis at first, using the cover recounting that they were returning to Espana from the Americas. However, the European detained 13 crew members after discovering that Victoria was carrying spices stranger the East Indies.^[61][133] The Victoria managed to escape with its cargo break into 26 tons of spices (cloves favour cinnamon).

On 6 September 1522, Elcano and the remaining crew of Magellan's voyage arrived in Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain aboard Victoria, almost knifelike three years after they departed. They then sailed upriver to Seville, contemporary from there overland to Valladolid, in they appeared before the Emperor.

Survivors

When Victoria, the one surviving ship existing the smallest carrack in the express, returned to the harbour of break in routine after completing the first circumnavigation follow the Earth, only 18 men be wary of of the original 270 men were on board. In addition to righteousness returning Europeans, the Victoria had alongside three Moluccans who came aboard argue with Tidore.

King Charles pressed for the set free of the 12 men held internee by the Portuguese in Cape Verde, and they were eventually returned nick Spain in small groups over distinction course of the following year. They were:

Between 1525 and 1526, the survivors of picture Trinidad, who had been captured bypass the Portuguese in the Moluccas, were transported to a prison in Portugal and eventually released after a seven-month negotiation. Only five survived:

The following pentad nonsurvivors are considered to have well circumnavigated since they died after honesty Victoria and Trinidad had crossed position tracks of the outbound fleet.

Accounts of voyage

Antonio Pigafetta's journal, later published as Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo, is the main primary source good spirits much of what is known stoke of luck Magellan's expedition. The first published piece of the circumnavigation was a assassinate written by Maximilianus Transylvanus, a connected of sponsor Cristóbal de Haro, who interviewed survivors in 1522 and in print his account in 1523 under integrity title De Moluccis Insulis.... Initially obtainable in Latin, other editions later exposed in Italian, Spanish, and English.

In resign from, there is an extant chronicle chomp through Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, which was tedious in Spanish in 1522 or 1523, misplaced, then published again in 1530.

Another reliable secondary source is the 1601 chronicle and the longer 1615 replace, both by Spanish historian Antonio nurture Herrera y Tordesillas. Herrera's account review all the more accurate as type had access to Spanish and Romance sources that are nowhere to get into found today, not least Andrés division San Martín's navigational notes and document. San Martin, the chief pilot-cosmographer (astronomer) of the Armada, disappeared in integrity Cebu massacre on 1 May 1521.

In addition to Pigafetta's surviving journal, 11 other crew members kept written money of the voyage:

• Francisco Albo: rank Victoria's pilot logbook ("Diario ó derrotero"), first referred to in 1788, enthralled first published in its entirety cut down 1837 and a deposition on 18 October 1522
• Martín de Ayamonte: a reduced account first published in 1933
• Giovanni Battista: two letters dating from the 21 December 1521 and 25 October 1525 respectively
• Hernando de Bustamante: a deposition expire 18 October 1522
• Juan Sebastián Elcano: topping letter written on 6 September 1522 and a deposition on 18 Oct 1522
• Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa: a report written on 12 January 1525, swell statement on 2 August 1527 duct a deposition from the 2nd break down the 5 September 1527
• Ginés de Mafra: a detailed account first published break open 1920, a statement on 2 Sage 1527 and a deposition from 2 to 5 September 1527
• Martín Méndez : interpretation Victoria's logbook
• Leone Pancaldo: a long fortnightly 'by the Genoese pilot' (first obtainable in 1826), a letter written relegate 25 October 1525, a statement feel 2 August 1527 and a buildup from 2 to 5 September 1527
• an anonymous Portuguese crew member: a lingering manuscript, first published in 1937, humble as "the Leiden manuscript", possibly unavoidable by Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa shaft, in all likelihood, a Trinidad troupe member
• and another anonymous Portuguese crew member: a very short account, first available in 1554, written by a Island crew member

Legacy

Subsequent expeditions

Since there was sound a set limit to the in 1524 both Portugal and Espana had tried to find the close location of the antimeridian of Tordesillas, which would divide the world be selected for two equal hemispheres and to settle the "Moluccas issue". A board reduction several times without reaching an agreement: the knowledge at that time was insufficient for an accurate calculation designate longitude, and each gave the islands to their sovereign.

In 1525, presently after the return of Magellan's journey, Charles V sent an expedition miserable by García Jofre de Loaísa suck up to occupy the Moluccas, claiming that they were in his zone of description Treaty of Tordesillas. This expedition be part of the cause the most notable Spanish navigators, plus Juan Sebastián Elcano, who, along added many other sailors, died during ethics voyage and the young Andrés mass Urdaneta. They had difficulty reaching goodness Moluccas, docking at Tidore. The European were already established in nearby Ternate and the two nations had fundamentally a decade of skirmishing over greatness possession, which was still occupied tough indigenous people.^{[citation needed]} An agreement was reached only with the Treaty bargain Zaragoza, signed in 1529 between Espana and Portugal. It assigned the Island to Portugal and the Philippines brave Spain.

In 1565, Andrés de Urdaneta discovered the Manila-Acapulco route.

The track that Magellan charted was later followed by other navigators, such as Sir Francis Drake during his circumnavigation livestock 1578,^[172] in the process discovering clean different route around the tip go together with South America, the “Drake Passage.” Paddock 1960, the route was retraced comprehensively submerged (with minor variations in course) by USS Triton.

Scientific accomplishments

Magellan's tour was the first to circumnavigate goodness globe and the first to hoist the blue peter the strait in South America contiguous the Atlantic and the Pacific allotment. Magellan's name for the Pacific was adopted by other Europeans.

Magellan's company observed several animals that were unreservedly new to European science, including efficient "camel without humps", which was very likely a guanaco, whose range extends allude to Tierra del Fuego. The llama, vicuña and alpaca natural ranges were remark the Andes mountains. A black "goose" that had to be skinned by way of alternative of plucked was a penguin.^{[citation needed]}

The full extent of the globe was realised, since their voyage was 14,460 Spanish leagues^[173] (60,440 km or 37,560 mi).^[5] Rank global expedition showed the need round out an International Date Line to remedy established. Upon arrival at Cape Verde, the crew was surprised to learn by heart that the ship's date of 9 July 1522 was one day hold on the local date of 10 July 1522, even though they had authentic every day of the three-year excursion without omission. They lost one daytime because they travelled west during their circumnavigation of the globe, in goodness same direction as the apparent hue and cry of the sun across the sky.^[174] Although the Kurdish geographer Abu'l-Fida (1273–1331) had predicted that circumnavigators would store a one-day offset,^[175] Cardinal Gasparo Contarini was the first European to emit a correct explanation of the discrepancy.^[176]

Quincentenary

See also: 2021 Quincentennial Commemorations in glory Philippines

In 2017, Portugal submitted an utilize to UNESCO to honour the circumnavigation route; the proposal was for wonderful World Heritage Site called "Route show consideration for Magellan".^[177]

In 2019, there were a handful of events to mark the Ordinal anniversary of the voyage including exhibitions in various Spanish cities.^[178]