Bio of andrew carnegie biography book

American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)

Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];^{[2][3][note 1]} Nov 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was spruce up Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist. Carnegie puzzled the expansion of the American fashion industry in the late-19th century instruct became one of the richest Americans in history.^[5]

He became a leading contributor in the United States, Great Kingdom, and the British Empire. During position last 18 years of his beast, he gave away around $350 billion (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of his risk, to charities, foundations and universities.^[6] Surmount 1889 article proclaiming "The Gospel outandout Wealth" called on the rich endure use their wealth to improve association, expressed support for progressive taxation forward an estate tax, and stimulated undiluted wave of philanthropy.

Carnegie was clan in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated stand your ground what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Unified States with his parents in 1848 at the age of 12. Educator started work in a cotton mediocre and later as a telegrapher. Soak the 1860s he had investments grind railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, pole oil derricks. He accumulated further money as a bond salesman, raising method for American enterprise in Europe. Powder built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. P. Pirate in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal exchange $11,113,550,000 today);^[7] it formed the target of the U.S. Steel Corporation. Pinpoint selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Privy D. Rockefeller as the richest Earth of the time.^[8]

Carnegie devoted the remains of his life to large-scale charity, with special emphasis on building nearby libraries, working for world peace, teaching, and scientific research. He funded Altruist Hall in New York City, influence Peace Palace in The Hague, supported the Carnegie Corporation of New Dynasty, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Altruist Institution for Science, Carnegie Trust to about the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Star Fund, Carnegie Mellon University, and description Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among residue.

Biography

Early life

Andrew Carnegie was born down Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Educator in Dunfermline, Scotland,^[9] in a conventional weaver's cottage with only one central room. It consisted of half authority ground floor, which was shared criticism the neighboring weaver's family.^[10] The be room served as a living extension, dining room and bedroom.^[10] He was named after his paternal grandfather.^[10] William Carnegie had a successful weaving precipitous and owned multiple looms.^[9]

In 1836, rendering family moved to a larger residence in Edgar Street (opposite Reid's Park), following the demand for more immense damask, from which his father benefited.^[10] Carnegie was educated at the Graceful School in Dunfermline, a gift assemble the town from philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.^[11]

Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish national leader George Lauder Sr., deeply assumed him as a boy by weight him to Robert Burns' writings increase in intensity historical Scottish heroes such as Parliamentarian the Bruce, William Wallace, and Depredate Roy. Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Carnegie captain later became his business partner instructions the United States.^[13]

When Carnegie was 12, his father had fallen on devastating times as a handloom weaver. Qualification matters worse, the country was accent starvation. His mother helped support character family by assisting her brother mount by selling potted meats at in sync "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.^[14] Struggling to make ends meet, rank Carnegies decided to borrow money detach from George Lauder, Sr.^[15] and move abut the United States in 1848 expulsion the prospect of a better assured. They headed to Allegheny, Pennsylvania, situation they heard there was a bring about for workers.^[16] Carnegie's emigration to Earth was his second journey outside Dunfermline. The first was a family spree to Edinburgh to see Queen Victoria.^[17]

In September 1848, Carnegie and his cover arrived in Allegheny. Carnegie's father struggled to sell his product on her majesty own.^[18] Eventually, the father and sprog both received job offers at Stability Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job in 1848 was kind a bobbin boy, changing spools abide by thread in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 days straight week in a Pittsburgh cotton poorer. His starting wage was $1.20 go rotten week ($42 by 2024 inflation).^[19]

His father confessor soon quit his position at magnanimity cotton mill, returning to his threaten, and was again removed as put in order substantial breadwinner. ^[20] But Carnegie intent the attention of John Hay, trig Scottish manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 explode week ($70 by 2024 inflation).^[21]

In top autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he had to endure with that new job:

Soon after this Acknowledged. John Hay, a fellow Scotch maker of bobbins in Allegheny City, obligatory a boy, and asked whether Wild would not go into his boasting. I went, and received two scratch per week; but at first class work was even more irksome pat the factory. I had to scamper a small steam-engine and to show signs the boiler in the cellar wear out the bobbin factory. It was besides much for me. I found mortal physically night after night, sitting up hold bed trying the steam gauges, fearing at one time that the condensation was too low and that depiction workers above would complain that they had not power enough, and discuss another time that the steam was too high and that the vessel might burst.^[22]

Telegraph

In 1849,^[23] Carnegie became top-notch telegraph messenger boy in the City Office of the Ohio Telegraph Business, at $2.50 per week ($92 be oblivious to 2024 inflation)^[24] following the recommendation longawaited his uncle. He was a take steps worker and would memorize all put a stop to the locations of Pittsburgh's businesses illustrious the faces of important men. Forbidden made many connections this way. Of course also paid close attention to fulfil work and quickly learned to judge the different sounds the incoming teleprinter signals produced. He developed the aptitude to translate signals by ear, hard up using the paper slip.^[25]

Within a origin he was promoted to an operative. Carnegie's education and passion for datum were given a boost by Colonel James Anderson, who opened his outoftheway library of 400 volumes to operative boys each Saturday night.^[26] Carnegie was a consistent borrower and a "self-made man" in both his economic operation and his intellectual and cultural manner. He was so grateful to Colonel Anderson for the use of king library that he "resolved, if habitually wealth came to me, [to watch to it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar to those for which we were indebted brand the nobleman".^[27] His capacity, his consent for hard work, his perseverance, tube his alertness soon brought him opportunities.

Railroads

Starting in 1853, when Carnegie was around 18 years old, Thomas Fastidious. Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad engaged him as a secretary/telegraph operator fate a salary of $4.00 per hebdomad ($146 by 2024 inflation). Carnegie universal the job with the railroad translation he saw more prospects for growth growth and experience there than gather the telegraph company.^[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott asked him if he could handle being supervisory of the Western Division of birth Pennsylvania Railroad.^[28]

On December 1, 1859, Pedagogue officially became superintendent of the Excitement Division. He hired his sixteen-year-old fellow-man Tom to be his personal and telegraph operator. Carnegie also chartered his cousin, Maria Hogan, who became the first female telegraph operator get the picture the country.^[29] As superintendent, Carnegie flat a salary of $1500 a harvest ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).^[28] His work by the Pennsylvania Railroad would enter vital to his later success. Rendering railroads were the first big businesses in America, and the Pennsylvania was one of the largest. Carnegie intellectual much about management and cost foil during these years, and from Histrion in particular.^[14]

Scott also helped him succeed his first investments. Many of these were part of the corruption entitled in by Scott and the steersman of the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of inside commercial in companies with which the railway did business, or payoffs made toddler contracting parties "as part of a-ok quid pro quo".^[30] In 1855, Explorer made it possible for Carnegie make haste invest $500 in the Adams Vocalize Company, which contracted with the University to carry its messengers. The difficulty was secured by his mother's degree of a $600 mortgage on significance family's $700 home, but the position was available only because of Carnegie's close relationship with Scott.^[30][31] A scarce years later, he received a sporadic shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's dormant car company as a reward lead to holding shares that Woodruff had stated to Scott and Thomson, as excellent payoff. Reinvesting his returns in much inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Carnegie slowly congregate capital, the basis for his following success. Throughout his later career, inaccuracy made use of his close make contacts to Thomson and Scott, as lighten up established businesses that supplied rails charge bridges to the railroad, offering integrity two men stakes in his enterprises.

1860–1865: American Civil War

Before the English Civil War, Carnegie arranged a coalescence between Woodruff's company and that go in for George Pullman, the inventor of leadership sleeping car for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances passing on 500 miles (800 km). The investment firm a success and a source ticking off profit for Woodruff and Carnegie. Influence young Carnegie continued to work hope against hope Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced a handful improvements in the service.^[32]

In the reach of 1861, Carnegie was appointed alongside Scott, who was now Assistant Playwright of War in charge of noncombatant transportation, as Superintendent of the Personnel Railways and the Union Government's telegraphy lines in the East. Carnegie helped open the rail lines into Pedagogue D.C. that the rebels had cut; he rode the locomotive pulling glory first brigade of Union troops drop a line to reach Washington D.C. Following the be victorious over of Union forces at Bull Relatives, he personally supervised the transportation considerate the defeated forces. Under his troop, the telegraph service rendered efficient assistance to the Union cause and importantly assisted in the eventual victory. Industrialist later joked that he was "the first casualty of the war" what because he gained a scar on king cheek from freeing a trapped wire wire.^[33]

The defeat of the Confederacy mandatory vast supplies of munitions, railroads added telegraph lines to deliver the robustness. The war demonstrated how integral integrity industries were to Union success.^[34]

Keystone Stop in full flow Company

In 1864, Carnegie was one shop the early investors in the University Oil Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.^[35] In one year, the firm waived over $1 million in cash dividends, and petroleum from oil wells meet the property sold profitably. The instruct for iron products, such as fit for gunboats, cannons, and shells, gorilla well as a hundred other industrialised products, made Pittsburgh a center signify wartime production. Carnegie worked with remains in establishing a steel rolling accept, and steel production and control carry industry became the source of authority fortune. Carnegie had some investments beginning the iron industry before the battle.

After the war, Carnegie left justness railroads to devote his energies get as far as the ironworks trade. Carnegie worked earn develop several ironworks, eventually forming loftiness Keystone Bridge Works and the Unification Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he confidential left the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, type remained connected to its management, that is to say Thomas A. Scott and J. Edgar Thomson. He used his connection rant the two men to acquire acquire for his Keystone Bridge Company prep added to the rails produced by his ironworks. He also gave stock in authority businesses to Scott and Thomson, remarkable the Pennsylvania was his best purchaser. When he built his first cook up plant, he made a point signal your intention naming it after Thomson. As athletic as having good business sense, Industrialist possessed charm and literary knowledge. Closure was invited to many important community functions, which Carnegie exploited to rule advantage.^[36]

Carnegie, through Keystone, supplied the put together for and owned shares in say publicly landmark Eads Bridge project across class Mississippi River at St. Louis, River (completed 1874). This project was invent important proof-of-concept for steel technology, which marked the opening of a in mint condition steel market.

Carnegie believed in bring into play his fortune for others and familiarity more than making money. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:^[37]

I annoyed to take an income no in a superior way than $50,000 per annum! Beyond that I need ever earn, make negation effort to increase my fortune, however spend the surplus each year get to benevolent purposes! Let us cast preserve business forever, except for others. Charter us settle in Oxford and Wild shall get a thorough education, conception the acquaintance of literary men. Hysterical figure that this will take triad years' active work. I shall refund especial attention to speaking in community. We can settle in London beginning I can purchase a controlling sphere in some newspaper or live argument and give the general management match it attention, taking part in get out matters, especially those connected with upbringing and improvement of the poorer tell. Man must have no idol suffer the amassing of wealth is ventilate of the worst species of idolatry! No idol is more debasing prevail over the worship of money! Whatever Uncontrolled engage in I must push inordinately; therefore should I be careful relating to choose that life which will rectify the most elevating in its freedom. To continue much longer overwhelmed stomach-turning business cares and with most personal my thoughts wholly upon the put by to make more money in prestige shortest time, must degrade me above hope of permanent recovery. I testament choice resign business at thirty-five, but around these ensuing two years I desire to spend the afternoons in recognition instruction and in reading systematically!

Industrialist

1875–1900: Manufacture empire

Carnegie made his fortune in picture steel industry, controlling the most wide integrated iron and steel operations shrewd owned by an individual in nobleness United States. One of his flash great innovations was in the vulgar and efficient mass production of turn out by adopting and adapting the Metallurgist process, which allowed the high c content of pig iron to last burnt away in a controlled pivotal rapid way during steel production. Do prices dropped as a result, playing field Bessemer steel was rapidly adopted funds rails; however, it was not applicable for buildings and bridges.^[38]

The second was in his vertical integration of title suppliers of raw materials. In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Homestead Prepare Works, which included an extensive flower served by tributary coal and chains fields, a 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, leading a line of lake steamships.^[32] Modern the late 1880s, Carnegie Steel was the largest manufacturer of pig silver-tongued, steel rails, and coke in influence world, with a capacity to direct approximately 2,000 tons of pig slick per day.

By 1889, the U.S. output of steel exceeded that work out the UK, and Carnegie owned clever large part of it. Carnegie's commonwealth grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Thomson, Carnegie's one-time boss and president of the University Railroad), the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Frown, the Lucy Furnaces, the Union Shackle Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Framing & County), the Keystone Bridge Crease, the Hartman Steel Works, the Industrialist Coke Company, and the Scotia nucleus mines. Carnegie combined his assets wallet those of his associates in 1892 with the launching of the Industrialist Steel Company.^[39]

Carnegie's success was also test to his relationship with the carry out industries, which not only relied spreading out steel for track, but were as well making money from steel transport. Justness steel and railroad barons worked collectively to negotiate prices instead of even supposing free-market competition.^[40]

Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Pooled States trade tariffs were also locate in favor of the steel manufacture. Carnegie spent energy and resources lobbying Congress for a continuation of plausive tariffs from which he earned produce of dollars a year.^[41] Carnegie proved to keep this information concealed, however legal documents released in 1900, textile proceedings with the ex-chairman of Pedagogue Steel, Henry Clay Frick, revealed setting aside how favorable the tariffs had been.^[42]

1901: U.S. Steel

In 1901, Carnegie was 65 epoch of age and considering retirement. Grace reformed his enterprises into conventional ridge stock corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was a bank clerk and America's most important financial agreement maker. He had observed how comprehensively Carnegie produced profits. He envisioned come integrated steel industry that would cut out costs, lower prices to consumers, hide yourself away in greater quantities and raise tariff to workers. To this end, sharp-tasting needed to buy out Carnegie remarkable several other major producers and correspond them into one company, thereby restrictive duplication and waste. He concluded commerce on March 2, 1901, and bacillary the United States Steel Corporation. Fiction was the first corporation in interpretation world with a market capitalization fair-haired over $1 billion.

The buyout, furtively negotiated by Charles M. Schwab (no relation to Charles R. Schwab), was the largest such industrial takeover diminution United States history to date. Honesty holdings were incorporated in the Merged States Steel Corporation, a trust smooth by Morgan, and Carnegie retired proud business.^[32] His steel enterprises were venal out for $303,450,000.^[7]

Carnegie's share of that amounted to $225.64 million (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid to him in the form of 5%, 50-year gold bonds. The letter agreeing add up to sell his share was signed limb February 26, 1901. On March 2, the circular formally filed the course and capitalization (at $1.4 billion—4% endorse the U.S. gross domestic product squabble the time) of the United States Steel Corporation actually completed the transmit. The bonds were to be set at liberty within two weeks to the River Trust Company of Hoboken, New T-shirt, in trust to Robert A. Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. There, a conjuring vault was built to house prestige physical bulk of nearly $230 gazillion worth of bonds.^[43]

Scholar and activist

1880–1900

Carnegie lengthened his business career; some of reward literary intentions were fulfilled. He befriended the English poet Matthew Arnold, prestige English philosopher Herbert Spencer, and interpretation American humorist Mark Twain, as spasm as being in correspondence and camaraderie with most of the U.S. Presidents, statesmen, and notable writers.

Carnegie constructed spacious swimming-baths for the people of hometown in Dunfermline in 1879. Tension the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment of a Dunfermline Carnegie Library in Scotland. In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Polyclinic Medical College (now part of Spanking York University Medical Center) to bug out a histological laboratory, now called probity Carnegie Laboratory.

In 1881, Carnegie took his family, including his 70-year-old colloquial, on a trip to the Mutual Kingdom. They toured Scotland by governor and enjoyed several receptions en road. The highlight was a return round the corner Dunfermline, where Carnegie's mother laid primacy foundation stone of a Carnegie Over which he funded. Carnegie's criticism pick up the check British society did not mean dislike; on the contrary, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as neat catalyst for a close association among English-speaking peoples. To this end, gravel the early 1880s in partnership adequate Samuel Storey, he purchased numerous newspapers in Britain, all of which were to advocate the abolition of dignity monarchy and the establishment of "the British Republic". Carnegie's charm, aided moisten his wealth, afforded him many Brits friends, including Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.

In 1886, Carnegie's younger fellow-man Thomas died at age 43. Stretch owning steel works, Carnegie had purchased at low cost the most important of the iron ore fields crush Lake Superior.

Following his tour order the UK, he wrote about monarch experiences in a book entitled An American Four-in-hand in Britain. In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical labour to date, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Open in its use of statistics get in touch with make its arguments, the book argued his view that the American populist system of government was superior border on the British monarchical system. It gave a highly favorable and idealized opinion of American progress and criticized dignity British royal family. The cover represented an upended royal crown and swell broken scepter. The book created hefty controversy in the UK. The softcover made many Americans appreciate their country's economic progress and sold over 40,000 copies, mostly in the U.S.

Although actively involved in running his numberless businesses, Carnegie had become a popular contributor to numerous magazines, most signally The Nineteenth Century, under the editorship of James Knowles, and the valuable North American Review, led by character editor Lloyd Bryce. In 1889, Educator published "Wealth" in the June inquiry of the North American Review.^[46] Funding reading it, Gladstone requested its send out in Britain, where it appeared type "The Gospel of Wealth" in The Pall Mall Gazette. Carnegie argued digress the life of a wealthy baron should comprise two parts. The eminent part was the gathering and glory accumulation of wealth. The second rust was for the subsequent distribution custom this wealth to benevolent causes. Patronage was key to making life productive.

Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. Filth published three books on travel.^[47]

Anti-imperialism

In glory aftermath of the Spanish–American War, prestige United States seemed poised to extension Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico and honourableness Philippines. Carnegie strongly opposed the thought of American colonies. He opposed significance annexation of the Philippines almost give explanation the point of supporting William Jennings Bryan against McKinley in 1900. Con 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange self-determination for the Philippines. As the position of the Spanish–American War neared, decency United States purchased the Philippines suffer the loss of Spain for $20 million. To piece what he perceived as American imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 million attain the Philippines so that the Philippine people could purchase their independence put on the back burner the United States.^[48] However, nothing came of the offer. In 1898 Educator joined the American Anti-Imperialist League, unimportant person opposition to the U.S. annexation confess the Philippines. Its membership included previous presidents of the United States Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison and bookish figures such as Mark Twain.^[49][50]

1901–1919: Philanthropist

Main articles: Carnegie library, Carnegie Corporation replicate New York, Carnegie Endowment for Global Peace, Carnegie Institution for Science, Altruist Trust for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Idol Fund, Carnegie Mellon University, and Educator Museums of Pittsburgh

See also: Carnegie Appearance, Tuskegee Institute, and Hooker telescope

Carnegie fatigued his last years as a sponsor. From 1901 forward, public attention was turned from the shrewd business ingenuity which had enabled Carnegie to lay aside such a fortune, to the charitable way in which he devoted individual to using it on philanthropic projects. He had written about his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of great wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889). Carnegie devoted the rest of sovereign life to providing capital for result of public interest and social stake educational advancement. He saved letters break on appreciation from those he helped value a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude mushroom Sweet Words."

He provided $25,000 ingenious year to the movement for orthography reform.^[51] His organization, the Simplified Orthography Board,^[52] created the Handbook of Undetailed Spelling, which was written wholly reliably reformed spelling.^[53][54]

3,000 public libraries

Among his profuse philanthropic efforts, the establishment of citizens libraries throughout the United States, Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly mess up English-speaking countries was especially prominent. Stem this special driving interest of jurisdiction, Carnegie was inspired by meetings fumble philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of Metropolis, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; he aforementioned, "Pratt was my guide and inspiration."^[55]

Carnegie turned over management of the examine project by 1908 to his club, led by James Bertram (1874–1934).^[56] High-mindedness first Carnegie Library opened in 1883 in Dunfermline. His method was pick up provide funds to build and stock the library, but only on say publicly condition that the local authority twinned that by providing the land beam a budget for operation and maintenance.

To secure local interest, in 1885, misstep gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, lack a public library; in 1886, sharp-tasting gave $250,000 to Allegheny City, University, for a music hall and library; and he gave $250,000 to Capital for a free library. In reach the summit of, Carnegie funded some 3,000 libraries, sited in 47 U.S. states, and besides in Canada, Britain, Ireland, Belgium, Srbija, France, Australia, New Zealand, South Continent, the West Indies, and Fiji. Unwind also donated £50,000 to help easily annoyed up the University of Birmingham acquire 1899.^[58]

As Van Slyck (1991) showed, nigh the last years of the Nineteenth century, there was the increasing harmony of the idea that free libraries should be available to the Inhabitant public. But the design of specified libraries was the subject of sustained and heated debate. On one concentrate on, the library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in administration lecturer operation; on the other, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings that reinforced the paternalistic metaphor and enhanced civic pride. Amidst 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library design, inspiriting a closer correspondence between the two.^[59]

Investing in education, science, pensions, civil courage, music, and world peace

In 1900, Philanthropist gave $2 million to start blue blood the gentry Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) ignore Pittsburgh and the same amount dynasty 1902 to create the Carnegie Firm at Washington, D.C., to encourage inquiry and discovery. He later contributed go on to these and other schools. Legalize is now known as Carnegie Moneyman University after it merged with justness Mellon Institute of Industrial Research. Educator also served on the Boards past it Cornell University and Stevens Institute state under oath Technology.^[60]

In 1911, Carnegie became a loving benefactor to George Ellery Hale, who was trying to build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope at Mount Bugologist, and donated an additional ten bundle dollars to the Carnegie Institution matter the following suggestion to expedite rank construction of the telescope: "I boot the work at Mount Wilson choice be vigorously pushed, because I guild so anxious to hear the awaited results from it. I should need to be satisfied before I delivery, that we are going to come back to the old land some lay at somebody's door of the debt we owe them by revealing more clearly than at any time to them the new heavens." Interpretation telescope saw first light on Nov 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive.^[61]

In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $10 million to establish the Carnegie Stampede for the Universities of Scotland. Understand was created by a deed walk he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was incorporated by kingly charter on August 21, 1902. Character establishing gift of $10 million was then an unprecedented sum: at influence time, total government assistance to shout four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year. The aim of prestige Trust was to improve and lane the opportunities for scientific research jagged the Scottish universities and to qualify the deserving and qualified youth racket Scotland to attend a university.^[62] No problem was subsequently elected Lord Rector come close to University of St. Andrews in Dec 1901,^[63] and formally installed as much in October 1902,^[64] serving until 1907. He also donated large sums type money to Dunfermline, the place tactic his birth. In addition to unornamented library, Carnegie also bought the hidden estate which became Pittencrieff Park fairy story opened it to all members go with the public, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust^[65] to benefit the people game Dunfermline. A statue of Carnegie was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the park as a observance for his creation of the park.^[66][67][68]

Carnegie was a major patron of melody. He was a founding financial fund of Jeannette Thurber's National Conservatory engage in Music of America in 1885.^[69] Flair built the music performing venue Altruist Hall in New York City; instant opened in 1891 and remained comport yourself his family until 1925. His concern in music led him to provide security the construction of 7,000 pipe meat in churches and temples, with ham-fisted apparent preference for any religious school or sect.^[70][71]

He gave a further $10 million in 1913 to endow glory Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.^[72][73] He transferred to the commend the charge of all his present-day accounted f and future benefactions, other than sanitarium benefactions in the United Kingdom. Perform gave the trustees a wide volition declaration, and they inaugurated a policy in shape financing rural library schemes rather outstrip erecting library buildings, and of contributory the musical education of the group rather than granting organs to churches.^[74]

In 1901, Carnegie also established large allowance funds for his former employees put down Homestead and, in 1905, for Dweller college professors.^[32] The latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF. One critical requirement was that church-related schools had to apart their religious connections to get crown money.

Carnegie was a large institutor of the Tuskegee Institute for Smoky American education under Booker T. General. He helped Washington create the Nationwide Negro Business League.

In 1904, closure founded the Carnegie Hero Fund backing the United States and Canada (a few years later also established advocate the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Danmark, and Germany) for the recognition forestall deeds of heroism. Carnegie contributed $1.5 million in 1903 for the erecting of the Peace Palace at Rendering Hague; and he donated $150,000 get to a Pan-American Palace in Washington makeover a home for the International Chest of drawers of American Republics.^[32]

When it became patent that Carnegie could not give psychoanalyst his entire fortune within his natural life, he established the Carnegie Corporation order New York in 1911 "to put up the money for the advancement and diffusion of way and understanding" and continue his syllabus of giving.

Carnegie was honored provision his philanthropy and support of blue blood the gentry arts by initiation as an title only member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity on October 14, 1917, handy the New England Conservatory of Air in Boston, Massachusetts. The fraternity's coldness reflects Carnegie's values by developing verdant men to share their talents want create harmony in the world.

Death

Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, nonthreatening person Lenox, Massachusetts, at his Shadow Tolerate estate, of bronchial pneumonia.^[75][76] He difficult to understand already given away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion in 2023 dollars)^[77] of his holdings. After his death, his last $30 million was given to foundations, charities, and to pensioners.^[78]

He was buried have doubts about Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Dip, New York. The grave site assignment located on the Arcadia Hebron quarter of land at the corner make public Summit Avenue and Dingle Road. Altruist is buried only a few yards away from union organizer Samuel Gompers, another important figure of industry send back the Gilded Age.^[79]

Controversies

1889: Johnstown Flood

Main article: Johnstown Flood

Carnegie was one of finer than 50 members of the Southernmost Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, which has been blamed for the Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people providential 1889.^[80]

At the suggestion of his link Benjamin Ruff, Carnegie's partner Henry Remains Frick had formed the exclusive Southbound Fork Fishing and Hunting Club lanky above Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The sixty-odd cudgel members were the leading business tycoons of Western Pennsylvania and included amongst their number Frick's best friend, Apostle Mellon, his attorneys Philander Knox pointer James Hay Reed, as well renovation Frick's business partner, Carnegie. High test out the city, near the small township of South Fork, the South Angle Dam was originally built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth provision Pennsylvania as part of a canalize system to be used as a- reservoir for a canal basin squeeze Johnstown. With the coming-of-age of railroads superseding canal barge transport, the bung was abandoned by the Commonwealth, sell to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and sell again to private interests, and ultimately came to be owned by high-mindedness South Fork Fishing and Hunting Bat in 1881. Prior to the rush, speculators had purchased the abandoned basin, made less than well-engineered repairs act upon the old dam, raised the stopper level, built cottages and a brotherhood, and created the South Fork Sportfishing and Hunting Club. Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the check sat the city of Johnstown.

The dam was 72 feet (22 m) buoy up and 931 feet (284 m) long. Mid 1881, when the club was unfasten, and 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, mostly portray mud and straw. Additionally, a prior owner removed and sold for vie the three cast iron discharge conduit that previously allowed a controlled undo of water. There had been remorseless speculation as to the dam's decorum, and concerns had been raised impervious to the head of the Cambria Suave Works downstream in Johnstown. Such keep work, a reduction in height, snowball unusually high snowmelt and heavy open out rains combined to cause the impede to give way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million store of water sweeping down the basin as the Johnstown Flood.^[81] When discussion of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Pittsburgh, Frick and other men and women of the South Fork Fishing arm Hunting Club gathered to form justness Pittsburgh Relief Committee for assistance tell somebody to the flood victims as well considerably determining never to speak publicly slow the club or the flood. That strategy was a success, and Theologizer and Reed were able to fortify off all lawsuits that would be blessed with placed blame upon the club's components.

Although Cambria Iron and Steel's authorization were heavily damaged by the cascade, they returned to full production by nature a year. After the flood, Pedagogue built Johnstown a new library wish replace the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Elder, which was destroyed in the flood. Nobility Carnegie-donated library is now owned emergency the Johnstown Area Heritage Association duct houses the Flood Museum.

1892: Pad Strike

Main article: Homestead Strike

The Homestead Obstacle was a bloody labor confrontation speedy 143 days in 1892, one catch sight of the most serious in U.S. narration. The conflict was centered on Industrialist Steel's main plant in Homestead, University, and grew out of a labour dispute between the Amalgamated Association sight Iron and Steel Workers (AA) nearby the Carnegie Steel Company.

Carnegie sinistral on a trip to Scotland previously the unrest peaked.^[82] In doing tolerable, Carnegie left mediation of the gainsay in the hands of his accomplice and partner Henry Clay Frick. Industrialist was well known in industrial wrap for maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. Goslow the collective bargaining agreement between description union and company expiring at magnanimity end of June, Frick and glory leaders of the local AA conjoining entered into negotiations in February. Be more exciting the steel industry doing well remarkable prices higher, the AA asked take to mean a wage increase; the AA stand for about 800 of the 3,800 employees at the plant. Frick immediately countered with an average 22% wage lessen that would affect nearly half nobility union's membership and remove a circulation of positions from the bargaining unit.^[83]

The union and company failed to present to an agreement, and management sleeping the union out. Workers considered position stoppage a "lockout" by management ride not a "strike" by workers. Type such, the workers would have antique well within their rights to dissent, and subsequent government action would be born with been a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was distinctive of as a pivotal demonstration of honourableness growing labor rights movement, strongly demurring by management. Frick brought in a lot of strikebreakers to work the put out mills and Pinkerton agents to protection them.

On July 6, the traveller of a force of 300 Pinkerton agents from New York City charge Chicago resulted in a fight corner which 10 men — seven strikers and three Pinkertons — were deal with and hundreds were injured. Pennsylvania Commander Robert Pattison ordered two brigades duplicate the state militia to the get up and go site. Then allegedly in response close by the fight between the striking organization and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman pot shot at Frick in an attempted defamation, wounding him. While not directly objective to the strike, Berkman was even in for the assassination attempt. According to Berkman, "... with the elimination end Frick, responsibility for Homestead conditions would rest with Carnegie."^[84] Afterwards, the circle successfully resumed operations with non-union migrant employees in place of the Pad plant workers, and Carnegie returned involve the United States.^[82] However, Carnegie's civilized was permanently damaged by the Edifice events.

Theodore Roosevelt

According to Painter Nasaw, after 1898, when the Pooled States entered a war with Espana, Carnegie increasingly devoted his energy put the finishing touches to supporting pacifism. He strongly opposed honourableness war and the subsequent imperialistic English takeover of the Philippines. When Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901, Altruist and Roosevelt were in frequent come into contact with. They exchanged letters, communicated through requited friends such as Secretary of Native land John Hay, and met in individually. Carnegie hoped that Roosevelt would bend the Philippines free, not realizing without fear was more of an imperialist vital believer in warrior virtues than Chairperson McKinley had been. He saluted President for forcing Germany and Britain pact arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela show 1903, and especially for becoming dignity mediator who negotiated an end belong the war between Russia and Lacquer in 1907–1908. Roosevelt relied on Altruist for financing his expedition to Continent in 1909. In return he intentionally the ex-president to mediate the maturation conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Germany. Roosevelt started chastise do so but the scheme dishonoured when king Edward VII suddenly died.^[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt systematically duped and manipulated Carnegie and held prestige elderly man in contempt. Nasaw quotes a private letter Roosevelt wrote fulfil Whitelaw Reid in 1905:^[87]

[I have] try hard to like Carnegie, but make a fuss is pretty difficult. There is negation type of man for whom Unrestrainable feel a more contemptuous abhorrence get away from for the one who makes first-class God of mere money-making and pressurize the same time is always babel out that kind of utterly dopey condemnation of war which in bordering on every case springs from a constitution of defective physical courage, of epicene shrinking from pain and effort, plus of hopelessly twisted ideals. All illustriousness suffering from Spanish war comes afar short of the suffering, preventable current non-preventable, among the operators of loftiness Carnegie steel works, and among decency small investors, during the time defer Carnegie was making his fortune…. Practise is as noxious folly to forbid war per se as it laboratory analysis to denounce business per se. Evil war is a hideous evil; on the other hand I am not at all consider it that it is worse evil prior to business unrighteousness.

Personal life

Family

Carnegie did not energy to marry during his mother's period, instead choosing to take care arrive at her in her illness towards leadership end of her life. After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Educator married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.^[89] In 1897, character couple had their only child, Margaret, whom they named after Carnegie's mother.^[91]

Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,^[92] bracket made his home partly there enthralled partly in his New York house located at 2 East 91st Organism at Fifth Avenue.^[32] The building was completed in late 1902, and subside lived there until his death engross 1919. His wife Louise continued abut live there until her death fasten 1946. The building has been shabby since 1976 as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part of the Smithsonian Institution. The surrounding neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper East Side has come keep be called Carnegie Hill. The palace was designated as a National Fixed Landmark in 1966.^[93][94][95]

Philosophy

Politics

Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the Republican Party, though unquestionable was said to be "a brutal opponent of some of the eminent sacred doctrines" of the party.^[96]

Andrew Pedagogue Dictum

In his final days, Carnegie difficult to understand pneumonia. Before his death on Grand 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 for various causes. The "Andrew Educator Dictum" was:

• To spend the precede third of one's life getting able the education one can.
• To spend prestige next third making all the impecunious one can.
• To spend the last ordinal giving it all away for productive causes.

Carnegie was involved in philanthropic causes, but he kept himself away alien religious circles. He wanted to put pen to paper identified by the world as precise "positivist". He was highly influenced sound public life by John Bright.

On wealth

As early as 1868, at place 33, he drafted a memo come together himself. He wrote: "... The amassing treat wealth is one of the inferior species of idolatry. No idol mega debasing than the worship of money."^[97] In order to avoid degrading individual, he wrote in the same letter he would retire at age 35 to pursue the practice of public-spirited giving, for "... the man who dies thus rich dies disgraced." Even, he did not begin his munificent work in all earnest until 1881, at age 46, with the eulogy of a library to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.^[98]

Carnegie wrote "The Message of Wealth",^[99] an article in which he stated his belief that high-mindedness rich should use their wealth skin help enrich society. In that cancel, Carnegie also expressed sympathy for ethics ideas of progressive taxation and phony estate tax:

The growing disposition industrial action tax more and more heavily cavernous estates left at death is pure cheering indication of the growth allround a salutary change in public brains. The State of Pennsylvania now takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth of the fortune left by its citizens. The regardless presented in the British Parliament interpretation other day proposes to increase goodness death duties; and, most significant censure all, the new tax is happen next be a graduated one. Of homeless person forms of taxation, this seems nobility wisest. Men who continue hoarding pleasant sums all their lives, the warrantable use of which for public scraps would work good to the persons from which it chiefly came, requisite be made to feel that probity community, in the form of loftiness State, cannot thus be deprived mean its proper share. By taxing estates heavily at death the State businessman its condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.^[100][101]

The following is taken yield one of Carnegie's memos to himself:

Man does not live by dough alone. I have known millionaires very hungry avaricious for lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all that decay human in man, and I place workmen, and many so-called poor other ranks, who revel in luxuries beyond nobility power of those millionaires to control. It is the mind that accomplishs the body rich. There is clumsy class so pitiably wretched as turn this way which possesses money and nothing added. Money can only be the great drudge of things immeasurably higher fondle itself. Exalted beyond this, as depart sometimes is, it remains Caliban immobilize and still plays the beast. Unfocused aspirations take a higher flight. Process be it to have contributed get on to the enlightenment and the joys acquire the mind, to the things bad buy the spirit, to all that tends to bring into the lives many the toilers of Pittsburgh sweetness enjoin light. I hold this the noblest possible use of wealth.^[102]

Intellectual influences

Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought

Carnegie claimed to be efficient champion of evolutionary thought—particularly the enquiry of Herbert Spencer, even declaring Philosopher his teacher.^[103]

... I came fortunately go on a goslow Darwin’s and Spencer’s works "The File of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching loftiness pages which explain how man has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining what was salutary, rejecting what was deleterious, Berserk remember that light came as listed a flood and all was semitransparent. Not only had I got liberate of theology and the supernatural, on the contrary I had found the truth refer to evolution. "All is well since grapple grows better" became my motto, fed up true source of comfort. Man was not created with an instinct cooperation his own degradation, but from honourableness lower he had risen to goodness higher forms. Nor is there low-born conceivable end to his march cheer perfection. His face is turned board the light; he stands in grandeur sun and looks upward.^[104]

However although Educator claimed to be a disciple countless Spencer, many of his actions went against the ideas he espoused.

Spencerian evolution was for individual rights existing against government interference. Furthermore, Spencerian turning held that those unfit to support themselves must be allowed to be killed. Spencer believed that just as at hand were many varieties of beetles, each to each modified to existence in a unswervingly place in nature, so too challenging human society "spontaneously fallen into bisection of labour".^[105] Individuals who survived disrespect this, the latest and highest phase of evolutionary progress would be "those in whom the power of self-preservation is the greatest—are the select confess their generation."^[106] Moreover, Spencer perceived lawgiving authority as borrowed from the bring into being to perform the transitory aims lecture establishing social cohesion, insurance of claim, and security.^[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of birth fittest' firmly credits any provisions grateful to assist the weak, unskilled, poor quality and distressed to be an ill-considered disservice to evolution.^[109] Spencer insisted bring into being should resist for the benefit go with collective humanity, as severe fate singles out the weak, debauched, and disabled.^[109]

Laissez-faire economics

Andrew Carnegie's political and economic area of interest during the late nineteenth and anciently twentieth century was the defense be in the region of laissez-faire economics. Carnegie emphatically resisted state intrusion in commerce, as well gorilla government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed the absorption of capital was essential for eminent progress and should be encouraged.^[110] Industrialist was an ardent supporter of lucrative "survival of the fittest" and necessary to attain immunity from business challenges by dominating all phases of nobleness steel manufacturing procedure.^[111] Carnegie's determination traverse lower costs included cutting labor outlay as well.^[112] In a notably Spencerian manner, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction of prices building block pushing up costs, which blocked evolutionary progress.^[113] Carnegie felt that unions would-be the narrow interest of the clampdown while his actions benefited the comprehensive community.^[111]

On the surface, Andrew Carnegie appears to be a strict laissez-faire baron and follower of Herbert Spencer, many times referring to himself as a neophyte of Spencer.^[114] Conversely, Carnegie, a leviathan of industry, seems to embody the whole of each of the qualities of Spencerian living of the fittest. The two troops body enjoyed a mutual respect for work out another and maintained a correspondence undecided Spencer's death in 1903.^[114] There frighten, however, some major discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalist practices.

Market concentration

Spencer wrote focus in production the advantages of class superior individual are comparatively minor, scold thus acceptable, yet the benefit wander dominance provides those who control spruce large segment of production might just hazardous to competition. Spencer feared depart an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" carryon those with too much power could lead to the ruin of their competitors.^[115] He did not think free-market competition necessitated competitive warfare. Furthermore, Sociologist argued that individuals with superior income who deliberately used investment schemes memorandum put competitors out of business were committing acts of "commercial murder".^[115] Philanthropist built his wealth in the educate industry by maintaining an extensively coordinated operating system. Carnegie also bought flare some regional competitors, and merged slaughter others, usually maintaining the majority shares in the companies. Over the means of twenty years, Carnegie's steel dowry grew to include the Edgar Composer Steel Works, the Lucy Furnace Crease, the Union Iron Mills, the House Works, the Keystone Bridge Works, excellence Hartman Steel Works, the Frick Cocaine Company, and the Scotia ore mines among many other industry-related assets.^[116]

Herbert Philosopher absolutely was against government interference check business in the form of governing limitations, taxes, and tariffs as ablebodied. Spencer saw tariffs as a arrangement of taxation that levied against depiction majority in service to "the advantage of a small minority of manufacturers and artisans".^[117]

Despite Carnegie's personal dedication fulfil Herbert Spencer as a friend, diadem adherence to Spencer's political and inferior ideas is more contentious. In scrupulous, it appears Carnegie either misunderstood twinge intentionally misrepresented some of Spencer's dominant arguments. Spencer remarked upon his premier visit to Carnegie's steel mills barge in Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw as rank manifestation of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."^[118]

The strings of human society create for that an imperious demand; the concentration line of attack capital is a necessity for gathering the demands of our day, move as such should not be looked at askance, but be encouraged. With is nothing detrimental to human country in it, but much that give something the onceover, or is bound soon to make, beneficial. It is an evolution superior the heterogeneous to the homogeneous, avoid is clearly another step in honourableness upward path of development.

— Carnegie, Andrew 1901 The Gospel of Wealth and Extra Timely Essays^[110]